Widow Spiders, Genus Latrodectus

The famous black widow is just one of the venomous widow spiders living throughout the world. Bites from female widow spiders are medically significant, and may require treatment with an antivenin. Widow spiders do not attack humans unprovoked, but will bite when touched or threatened. What Do Widow Spiders Look Like? Most people will recognize widow spiders by the hourglass markings on the underside of their abdomens. The hourglass mark is not present in all Latrodectus species, however. Females take longer to reach maturity and molt more times than males, resulting in darker, shinier coloration. Males, by contrast, remain lighter and duller. Female widow spiders are larger than their male counterparts; the body of a mature female measures about one half inch in length. Female Latrodectus spiders have a spherical abdomen and long, thin legs. Widow spiders belong to the cobweb spider family. They spin irregular, sticky webs to catch insects. Like other cobweb spiders, widows possess a row of bristles on their hind legs. This comb-foot helps the widow spiders wrap her insect victims in silk. How Are Widow Spiders Classified? Kingdom - AnimaliaPhylum - ArthropodaClass - ArachnidaOrder - AraneaeFamily - TheridiidaeGenus - Latrodectus What Do Widow Spiders Eat? Widow spiders feed on insects, which they capture in their webs. When an insect touches the web, the widow spider senses the vibration and immediately rushes to capture the prey. The Widow Spider Life Cycle The widow spider life cycle begins with eggs. A female widow spider lays several hundred eggs, wraps them in a silken egg case, and suspends it from her web. She keeps watch over the eggs, and will defend them vigorously during the month of their development. During her lifetime, the female may produce up to 15 egg sacs, with as many as 900 eggs in each one. The newly hatched spiderlings are cannibals, and will quickly devour one another until only a dozen or so offspring remain. To disperse, the young spiders parachute down from the web on silken threads. They continue to molt and grow for two or three months, depending on their sex. Most females live about nine months, but the male lifespan is considerably shorter. Widow spiders, especially black widows, have earned a reputation for sexual cannibalism – the female eats the male after mating. While this does occasionally occur, it is more myth than fact. Not all males get eaten by their partners. Special Behaviors and Defenses of Widow Spiders Widow spiders do not have good eyesight. Instead, they rely on their sensitivity to vibrations to detect prey or potential threats. For this reason, its never a good idea to touch the web of a widow spider. A careless poke with a finger is likely to attract a speedy bite from the resident widow. Mature female Latrodectus spiders inject a neurotoxic venom when they bite. In prey, the venom takes affect fairly quickly; the spider holds the insect firmly until it stops moving. Once the prey is immobilized, the widow injects it with digestive enzymes that begin to liquefy the meal. Though widow spiders are not aggressive, they will bite defensively if touched. In humans, the venom causes latrodectism, a medical syndrome that requires treatment. Within a few minutes, a bite victim will feel localized pain at the site. Symptoms of a widow spider bite include sweating, rigid abdominal muscles, hypertension, and swelling of the lymph nodes. Where Do Widow Spiders Live? Widow spiders stay outdoors, for the most part. They live in crevices or recesses within rock piles, logs, embankments, or outbuildings like sheds or barns. Widow spiders live on all continents except Antarctica. Five species of Latrodectus spiders occur in the U.S.: southern black widow (L. mactans), western black widow (L. Hesperus), northern black widow (L. variolus), red widow (L. bishopi), and brown widow (L. geometricus). Worldwide, about 31 species belong to this genus. Other Names for Widow Spiders In some parts of the world, widow spiders are referred to as button spiders. Sources: Latrodectus, Tree of Life WebGenus Latrodectus, Bugguide.netBlack Widow Spider, Ohio State University Factsheet

A Brief Note On The Palestinian Conflict Of The Palestine...

One State solution Talha Ahmad March 3, 2015 Advanced English 10 Period 7 Speech III Final Draft Introduction- The one-state solution is the only solution to the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict that ensures peace and equality in the long run for Israelis and Palestinians. I. The Palestine-Israel conflict is a major problem A. State Problems B. Human rights abuses i. Amnesty International - 2014 conflict report C. War i. If Americans Knew - Death Toll II. Causes A. Israeli settlements keep being built i. The Guardian- settlement numbers B. Palestinians and Israelis live in drastically different situations i. Gallup - Inequality poll results C. Failure of original solution i. Immediate breakout of on and off wars ii. Foreign influence III. The one-state solution is the answer to the Israel-Palestine conflict A. The one-state solution would raise the standard of living for Palestinians and Israelis i. Would end military conflicts and airstrikes ii. Would be a democratic state B. The two-state solution would not end the conflict i. Didn’t work originally C. Support for the one-state solution is increasing i. Aljazeera - support numbers Conclusion- The one-state solution is the only solution to the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict that ensures peace and equality in the long run for Israelis and Palestinians. Talha Ahmad March 3, 2015 Advanced English 10, Period 7 Speech III Final Draft Missiles. Bombs. Deaths. Repeat. Now, you may think thatShow MoreRelatedHistory of Modern Palestine800 Words   |  4 PagesIn his book, A History of Modern Palestine, Ilan Pappe attempts to add to the discussion of the struggle between Jews and their counterparts over the idea of Israeli state. Using documents that have been released by the Israeli secret service that one of his graduate students had found, Pappe attempts to paint a â€Å"new history of the conflict† in the Middle East. His books adds a new element to the argument. The documents, released in the late 1980s, but the US, UN, and Israeli government show thatRead MoreCan Peace in the Middle East Exist?1532 Words   |  7 Pagesnot believe the same as you. Please do not get me wrong, I am not saying that Israel has done everything right, nor are they a perfect nation. The fact still remains that they are Gods chosen people and they received the promise of God. The conflicts have gone on for so many generations and so many years that I am not sure if many of the people even know why they hate or are at odds with the other side. Mom and/or Dad hated, so therefore I will hate. Mom and/or Dad killed so therefore I willRead MoreThe Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism by Pape, Bloom, and Horowitz 1429 Words   |  6 PagesNovember 2000, support for suicide bombings has increased and support for the Palestinian Authority has decreased† (Bloom 61). Bloom then uses a case of cycles of violence in Israel to reinforce her position that standard-bearers support suicide terrorism. In her example, Bloom tells us Israel answered Palestinian suicide bombing with the assassinations of numerous Hamas and Islamic Jihad leaders, to which Palestinians countered with more suicide bombings continuing in a hostile loop. Bloom believesRead More Global Interdependence 1411 Words   |  6 Pagesorganization that has a global goal. According to the GIC th eir mission is to â€Å"encourage the expansion of global dialogue and free trade in order to improve cooperation and understanding among nation states, with the goal of reducing international conflicts and improving worldwide living standards.† The American Economic system has become closely linked to foreign economies through global interdependence by the rise of new technologies, methods of communications and transportations that break downRead More Religion in the World Today Essay5782 Words   |  24 Pagescan be traced back to the first Indian freedom- fighters against Spanish rule, over five- hundred years ago.† (www.amnesty.org) Even during the past history of civil conflict in countries such as Guatemala and El Salvador, people have demonstrated for basic human rights and personal and religious freedoms. Among the religious conflicts between the nations and its people, there is also a long tradition of persecution of the autonomy of individuals who defend h uman rights. Recent history has shownRead More Global Terrorist Organizations Essay example4168 Words   |  17 PagesMovement.† Currently greater than 1,000 members strong, the organization initially began in 1987 in Gaza under the leadership of Sheikh Ahmad Yassin. Yassin began as a member of the Muslim Brotherhood and participated in nonviolent activities in the Palestinian Territories, including preaching, education, and charity work. In 1973 he established al-Mujamma al-Islami (Islamic Center), an umbrella organization overseeing Muslim Brotherhood activities in the Gaza Strip . However by the early 1980’s YassinsRead MoreIslamic Fundamentalism5550 Words   |  23 PagesMuslims. It is very well known that certain networks have flourished in many countries throughout the world. Small but well-financed militant movements arise, coming against their government and the common people, instigating conflict. The danger lies when an outside government supports such extremist movements under the false impression that this constitutes preserving religious freedom.   The terrorist attacks in 1990s, and basically 9/11 contributed, not unreasonablyRead MoreIslamic Fundamentalism5541 Words   |  23 PagesMuslims. It is very well known that certain networks have flourished in many countries throughout the world. Small but well-financed militant movements arise, coming against their government and the common people, instigating conflict. The danger lies when an outside government supports such extremist movements under the false impression that this constitutes preserving religious freedom.   The terrorist attacks in 1990s, and basically 9/11 contributed, not unreasonablyRead More5- Islamic Civilization (fall; a force; world peace).6212 Words   |  25 Pagesï » ¿5.Short Notes: Each in two pages: Islamic Civilization (fall; a force; world peace). Islamic Civilization fall; a force Review of Muslim Civilisation: The Causes of Decline and the Need for Reform by M. Umer Chapra 4 June 2011 Within 100 years of the death of the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) Muslim armies had conquered most of the Middle East, North Africa and Spain, and ventured into France. For approximately the next 600 years Islamic civilisation was far ahead of Europe in its intellectualRead MoreRohingya Problem in Bangladesh6891 Words   |  28 Pages(Old Arakanese Kingdom) was corrupted to Rohang. And thus inhabitants of the region are called Rohingya. Burmese historians such as Khin Maung Saw have claimed that the term Rohingya was unknown before the 1950s.  Another historian, Dr Maung Maung, notes that the word Rohingya is not used in the 1824 census, conducted by the British. Historian Aye Chan from  Kanda University of International Studies  states that the term Rohingya was created by descendants of Bengalis in the 1950s who migrated into Arakan

The Drawing of Nation State Boundaries in Rwanda Essay Example For Students

The Drawing of Nation State Boundaries in Rwanda Essay These drastic events stopped economic growth and perpetuated 3rd world poverty, The European powers didnt start laying claim on Africa until the second half of the nineteenth century, when they nearly laid claim on the whole continent Because intention was so aggressive amongst the European powers, a conference was held in Berlin in 1884 to divide up Africa. The major countries that participated were Britain, France, Germany, Belgium, and Portugal. When the conference was in progress, a majority Of Africa was still under traditional African rule. Eventually (after 1900) the colonial powers managed to gain control of all areas Of Africa. In his article on colonialism in Rwanda, Troy Rimier States A new kind of racism was brought to Rwanda upon the arrival of Europeans in the 20th century. Colonists assumed their own superiority and valued those physically ND geographically close to themselves (Rimier 2011). Before the European powers colonized Rwanda the elite group was the Tutsis cattle herders. The majority of the colony was made up of peasant farmers, known as the Huts. In pre-colonial times, the division between Hut and Tutsis was sometimes blurred. Some Hut bought cattle and were accepted into the upper classes, while some Tutsis became poor peasants. Rwanda was first colonized and governed by Germany, but was later taken over and newly ruled why Belgium. Belgium was quick to discriminate between the Huts and Tutsis. In 1933 Belgian rulers introduced ethnic ID cards and favored the Tutsis, Later they quickly switched sides and effortlessly supported the Hut majority (Rimier 2011). Vengeful Hut elements murdered about 15,000 Tutsis between 1959 and 1962, and more than 100,000 Tutsis fled to neighboring countries (Jones 2002). This favoritism that before colonization was not really recognized or argued with was becoming an issue between the Huts and Tutsis. Little did anyone know, this new since of entitlement brought about by the Belgian government would cause massive mount of turmoil, hatred, heartbreak, and war in the years to come. After the Tut sis kings passing in 1959, Rwanda has gone through a series Of heartbreaking civil wars that eventually lead up to the genocide in 1934. According to GÂ ©radar Premier, Because Of the chaotic nature Of the genocide and the events leading up to the total number of people killed has never been systematically assessed, but most experts believe the total baas around 800,000 people. This includes about 750,000 Tutsis and approximately 50,000 politically moderate Huts who did not support the genocide. Only about 130,000 Tutsis survived the massacres Ones 20021 Rwanda today is still continuing to rebuild economically and heal as a whole, slowly but surely. It has taken this country years after the last genocide to even consider being called back on their feet. An article was written in 2010 by the New York Times on the genocides 16th anniversary, discussing Rwanda progress since all the violence. This country has certainly come farther in the past 16 years than even the most optimistic observers would have predicted. All of this development is important to recognize because it has been the overpayments express policy to deliver basic services and economic growth to its people in order to mitigate genocide ideology (Resin 2010). Five years ago, traveling anywhere in the country was bound to be a bumpy ride, if the way was even passable. Today, east-to-west and north-to-south, the road infrastructure is impressive and continues to expand. Five years ago, the country struggled to get tourists in for $375 permits to visit Rwanda mountain gorillas, Today, during high season, there are not enough $500 tickets to meet the demand. Five years a go, there were no supermarkets or Tams, and the cheapest cell phones cost 50. Today there are multiple supermarkets, over a dozen international Tams, and cell phones that cost $14 are plentiful (Resin 2010). Against this impressive backdrop, crushing poverty still affects about 40% of the population. Millions live on tiny plots of land scarcely capable of producing adequate food for families in which the average woman gives birth to six children. Its this latter issue -raging population growth that continues to perplex the policy and development wonks in Rwanda (Resin 2010). Although Rwanda has continued to grow, their decline dates back to the legacy feet by those who colonized the country. SOURCES: Jones.

Corporate Finance Financial Functions

Question: Describe about the Corporate Finance for Financial Functions. Answer: Introduction The Chief Financial Officer (CFO) holds the position of finance director and vice president of finance in an organisation. The CFO holds the leadership position in an organisation in managing and monitoring the financial functions. The main principle functions of CFO are to demonstration effective leadership skills in managing the financial operations of the organisation and balance the responsibilities of stewardship with business partnership. CFO is the prominent member of board of directors, audit committee and also assists Chief Executive Officer (CEO) in decision-making process of the organisation. Besides this, CFO of an organisation also holds the responsibility of creating value for all the stakeholders by developing effective strategies for the sustainable growth (Nolop, 2012). In this context, the present report aims to demonstrate the strategic roles and responsibilities of Huon Aquaculture CFO. The impact of the CFO roles on ultimate objectives of the company is also demo nstrated in the report. The report also incorporates a section examining the efficient-market hypothesis effect on creation a portfolio by pension fund manager. Part A General areas of responsibility of CFO of Huon Aquaculture Huon Aquaculture is an Australian based company established in the year 1986 by Peter and France Bender. The company presently holds a market leader position in Australia as a producer of Salmon. The company has attained good brand image all over the world with providing high quality products through implementing innovative methods. The company since its establishment has attained a market leader position in aquaculture both at domestic as well as international level. Thomas Haselgrove, is the CFO and company secretary of Huon Aquaculture. He posses over 20 years experience in auditing, statutory accounting and commerce. He is responsible for developing financial strategy of the company through developing innovative ways of raising the capital. The CFO of the company also posses the responsibility of ensure effective compliance with all the AASB principles in developing the financial statements of the company (SENIOR MANAGEMENT, 2014). In regard to these, the above mentioned roles an d responsibilities of companys CFO can be described as follows: Capital Management The Company strives to achieve long term profitability through adequate management of its capital structure. The maintenance of adequate capital structure is the main responsibility of company CEOs. The CFO, in this context, needs to align the financial resources with the value creating operational activities. The company incorporates the use of new technologies for increasing its production and efficiency (Wherry and Schor, 2015). The company is mainly concerned with producing its products safely and sustainably. As such, the company needs to invest largely in development of safety team for improving its product quality by the implementation of safety program. The safety program provides training to the employees for enhancing their skills and expertise for improving their overall contribution to maximise business performance. Such value creation activities need to be prioritised by CFO to ensure the proper availability of funds for carrying out business activities that are essentia l for attaining sustainability. The CFO has to maintain an appropriate balance between its growth strategies and capital structure. The CFO develops the consolidated financial statements of the corporation in accordance with International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) that integrates the financial position of all the subsidiaries of the company in a single economic entity (Huon Aquaculture Group Limited, 2016). The financial planning regarding the management of finance risk in companys different subsidiaries and controlling the financial risk is the principal function of the CFO. The annual report of the company that companys financial position is sound and stable since the appointment of Thomas Haselgrove as CFO in the year 2006. The companys market capitalisation is about 282.1M that is a result of the financial stability attained by Huon Aquaculture under the leadership of Thomas Haselgrove. The company has invested in new and innovative technologies for producing high quality and new products thereby attaining competitive advantage under the leadership skills of Thomas (Huon Aquaculture Group Limited, 2016). Thus, it can be stated that Thomas Haselgrove has adequately managed the capital structure of the company by investing in value creating activities and minimising the resource allocation is less value creating activities. Predicting and leveraging the impact of new technologies Huon aquaculture largely emphasises on implementing the use of new technologies for product development. The innovative technologies such as development of Smokehouse and Product Innovation Centre, well-boat, feed-barges, Fortress Pens are used by the company for better growth rates of Salmon (The worlds most loved salmon, 2015). The role of CFO in this regard is to assess and examine the impact of use of new technologies on revenues and business models. The implementation of these latest technologies requires huge investment that can lead to the occurrence of financial constraints in the company. Thus, it is the responsibility of CFO to allocate financial resources adequately in implementing new technologies so that appropriate funds are available for carrying out daily activities. Thus, CFO must anticipate the profitability to be achieved with the financial constraints that can occur in carrying out its regular operational activities with investing in innovative technologies (Coven ey et al., 2003). Assisting CEO in Decision-making Process CFO of the company also holds the responsibility of reporting the financial information to the senior management. The financial resources possessed by the company must be communicated properly to the Chief Executive Officer (CEO). CEO of the company is responsible for making critical decisions regarding the daily operational activities (Huon Aquaculture Group Limited, 2016). In this context, it is very essential that fair and reliable financial information must be communicated to the CEOs so that he can design effective strategies for improving the loopholes in performance and enhancing its future profitability (Lapovsky and McKeown-Moak, 2010). The communication of financial information to CEO is also very important to bring into the knowledge the business risk that can occur in the company hindering its future profitability and success. The CFO can provide proper insights into various type of financial risk that can occur in a company with the implementation of a particular strateg y. The CFO and CEO in co-ordination should develop and implement risk management strategy for managing risk that can occur with the adoption of a particular project for increasing the business performance (Hope, 2013). The CFO should prioritise the future capital investment strategies of the company for optimising the financial outcomes and mitigating the risk in advance. The internal risk identified with the adoption of risk management technique and thus manages accordingly the capital deployment performance of the company. The CFO must also implement proper methods for attracting financial investors for funding the major project of the company that are believed to provide high rate of return in the future period of time. The financial information communicated to CEO by the CFO will help the company to integrate its supply chain process effectively for maximising its profitability (Hommel et al., 2011). Impact of CFO roles on ultimate objectives of Huon Aquaculture Huon Aquaculture ultimate objective is to sustain its market leader position in aquaculture through incorporating latest technologies for product development. The role of CFO is very important in attaining the strategic objectives of the company (Huon Aquaculture Group Limited, 2016). The increase in the competition in external business environment is causing a shift in the role and responsibility of CFO. Traditionally, CFO of the company is only liable to manage the financial information through preparation of financial statements and maintain the capital structure. However, the role of CFO is becoming more strategically oriented for the company nowadays to meet the challenges of competitive business scenario. The role of CFO is very important in creating congruence between the strategies developed by the company and the financial resources available. CFO must ensure the strategic success of the company with adequate management of financial resources. The identified CFO roles in Huo n Aquaculture will help in establishing effective link between the strategy and market planning for creating value for all the stakeholders. The CFO roles will help in outlining the responsibilities of the boards and other executive members towards optimising the financial performance of the company (Sutcliff and Donnellan, 2006). Part B If efficient market-hypothesis is true, the pension fund manager might as well select a portfolio with a pin Efficient market-hypothesis theory states that share prices reflect all the relevant information required by the investors for investing purpose. Thus, if the market is efficient, then pension fund manager can easily select a portfolio that results in generation of maximising profit for the investors. However, this is generally not the case as share prices do not necessarily reflect all the information about the stocks. Pension fund manager holds the responsibility of creating a portfolio for its clients that provide them higher rate of return. The selection of stocks based on their market information without evaluation can increase the financial risk of the portfolio. The pension fund manager hence should diversify the risk by selecting the stocks in a portfolio that minimises the risk generation (Harder, 2010). The risk can be diversified by proper evaluation of the stock before selecting them to include in the portfolio. The evaluation should assess the market risk of a particular stock and spread the risk by creating a portfolio that includes various assets classes. This will help in decreasing the systematic risk of the portfolio and hence ensure the generation of maximum rate of return for the clients. The efficient-market hypothesis does not hold true in all the market conditions as the information about a particular stock is not equally available to all participants. The hypothesis assumes that all investors perceive the information of the share prices in relatively same manner. However, this doe snot hold true as different investors analyse the information bout a particular stock from different perspectives and hence can have varying opinions about the fair market value of that particular stock. It does not incorporate the market risk that cannot be eliminated but can only be minimis es through diversification. Thus, it is recommended to pension fund manager in the condition of efficient market to diversify the risk of portfolio for maximising the rate of return for the clients (Jones, 2007). Conclusion Thus, on the basis of the overall discussion held in the report, it can be stated that CFO role is becoming more strategically aligned with changing competitive business environment of today. Huon Aquaculture aspires to sustain is market leader position in aquaculture industry of Australia with providing best quality products through use of innovative technologies. As such, the role of CFO is very important for raising capital to support the implementation of technology projects and ensuring the achievement of its strategic objectives. The capital structure of the company must be firmly composed through maintaining a balance between debt and equity. Also, the CFO must communicate all the financial information properly to CEO for supporting the decision-making process of the company. The CFO should anticipate the financial outcomes to be attained with the introduction of a technology initiative and strategically align the result with the automate objectives of the company. The report also examines the impact of efficient-market hypothesis on creating a portfolio by pension fund manager for the clients. It has been derived from the discussion held on the same that pension fund manager need to diversify the risk of the portfolio and should not rely on the information obtained from share prices in condition of market efficiency. References Coveney, M. et al. 2003. The Strategy Gap: Leveraging Technology to Execute Winning Strategies. John Wiley Sons. Harder, S. 2010. The Efficient Market Hypothesis and Its Application to Stock Markets. GRIN Verlag. Hommel, U. Et al. 2011. The Strategic CFO: Creating Value in a Dynamic Market Environment. Springer Science Business Media. Hope, J. 2013. Reinventing the CFO: How Financial Managers Can Transform Their Roles And Add Greater Value. Harvard Business Press. Huon Aquaculture Group Limited. 2016. Annual Report. Jones, C. P. 2007. Investments: Analysis And Management. John Wiley Sons. Lapovsky, L. and McKeown-Moak, M. 2010. Roles and Responsibilities of the Chief Financial Officer: New Directions for Higher Education. John Wiley Sons. Nolop, B.P. 2012. The Essential CFO: A Corporate Finance Playbook. John Wiley Sons. SENIOR MANAGEMENT. 2014. [Online]. Available at: https://investors.huonaqua.com.au/investors/?page=Senior-Management Accessed on: 20 September 2016]. Sutcliff, M. and Donnellan, M. 2006. CFO Insights: Delivering High Performance. John Wiley Sons. The worlds most loved salmon. 2015. [Online]. Available at: https://investors.huonaqua.com.au/FormBuilder/_Resource/_module/y8hXOlgfx0a4WjSUgjZk7A/file/HUO-AGM-2015-Chairman_s-Address%20ASX.pdf [Accessed on: 20 September 2016]. Wherry, F. and Schor, J. B. 2015. The SAGE Encyclopedia of Economics and Society. SAGE Publications.

Analysis of Organisational Culture at Google The WritePass Journal

Analysis of Organisational Culture at Google 1.Introduction Analysis of Organisational Culture at Google 1.Introduction2. Organizational Background3. Analysis3.1 Data collection3.2 Theories applied4. ParadigmOrganizational Perception Interpretation4.1 Burrell Morgan’s Sociological Paradigms Sociological Paradigms 4.2 Definition of Organizational Culture with Google culture4.3 Evaluation of Google organizational culture on the Cultural Dimension Theory4.3.1- Power Distance4.3.2 -Individualism4.3.3 -Masculinity 4.3.4 -Uncertainty Avoidance Index4.3.5 -Long term orientation5. Evaluation of Google organizational culture on Edgar Schein’s Three levels of Culture5.1 Artifacts:5.2 Espoused Values:5.3 Basic Assumptions and Values:6. Criticisms 6.1 Cultural dimension theory:6.2 Sociological Paradigm: Conclusion ReferencesRelated 1.Introduction Analyzing an organization is no more than studying first its genesis its mottos and beliefs and the future it holds for the society that it resides in. For most companies, an organization is neither a science nor an art; it’s an oxymoron. It is not a result from systematic, methodical planning but, shaped more by politics than by policies. However, perceiving an organization from a critical point of view would overshadow all the development and technology that many organizations have contributed to our society. In the words of Walt Disney co-founder of the Walt Disney Company states that â€Å"Whatever we accomplish is due to the combined effort. The organization must be with you or you dont get it done In my organization there is respect for every individual, and we all have a keen respect for the public†. The author has chosen to talk about the Google culture from an Interpretivism perspective as she worked as an Ad Words Representative for the organisation. 2. Organizational Background Google Inc an American public corporation earns its proceeds primarily from its advertising which is related to its Internet search, e-mail, online mapping, office productivity, social networking, and video sharing. Google is not a conventional company and with no intention to become one either. Throughout Google’s evolution as a privately held company they have always done it differently, where the emphasis is laid on the creativity and challenge of its people which has resulted in providing unbiased, accurate and free access information for its users. The genesis of this organization begins with its co- founders Larry Page and Sergey Bin alumni of Stanford University where it was incorporated as a privately held organization on September 4, 1998 and then was moved to public ownership on August 19th 2004. The organization is globally spread across starting from the Head office in Mountain View California, with some of its subsidiaries being India, United Kingdom, Germany, Brazil, Czech Republic, Poland, South Africa, etc. With approximately 20,000 employees working for this organization it has been voted by Fortune Magazine as ‘The Best Company’ to work for the second time in February 2008. 3. Analysis 3.1 Data collection The analysis of the organization is done with respect to the Indian subsidiary that is geographically located in the south of India- Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh.   The author worked as an As Words representative for the organization. The data collection for this analysis is based on a subjective and objective perspective, the subjective data being the author’s observations, perceptions and experiences, and the objective being that which is communicated and believed within the organization over the years. The author relates the analyses to the one year work experience, work relationships, work climate and culture, training and evaluation methods which was gained and undergone at the organization. The author also takes into count the strength of the workforce and the significant department in concern in which the author was a count for and worked for. The strength of the workforce noted to be an exact number of a 1000 employees for the year 2007- 2008 who worked for this subsidi ary handling the Online Sales Operation for Asia Pacific, with Ad Words being the main revenue generating product other than that of Ad Sense. 3.2 Theories applied The analysis of the organization has been done on the transformational factor, Organizational culture, with a correlation to that of the author’s paradigm on Burrell Morgan’s Sociological Paradigms and Organizational Analysis, Heinemann, 1979 . Geert Hofstede’s ‘Cultural dimensions theory’ has been used as the main model of analysis, however, to move beyond the national culture dimension and towards the organizations levels of culture Edgar Schein’s ‘Three levels of culture’ has also been applied. Burrell Morgan’s Sociological Paradigms gives an outlook of the author’s quadrant of perception on the company. Furthermore, the focus of study is from a radical humanistic point of view, the author falls under this paradigm believing that change begins with individual. The below given study also covers the founders view of organizational culture which is supported by the interview with Fortune Magazine. 4. Paradigm Organizational Perception Interpretation 4.1 Burrell Morgan’s Sociological Paradigms Understanding that the paper necessitates a more focused and specific analysis Burrell Morgan’s Sociological Paradigms and Organizational Analysis, Heinemann, 1979 paradigms has been applied as this synchronic model makes sense, which it places to time dimension on the study and understanding of organizations. It can be comprehended that a paradigm is a lens through which we perceive the world, each lens giving their own meaning and assumptions about the nature of the world and the way it is ought to be made sense of.   There are many different lenses, which exist for viewing and understanding the world, and what follows will be a necessary simplification of a complex and constantly shifting set of boundaries that define the current paradigms (Penny cook, A. 2001). Explaining Burrell Morgan’s Theory it is developed by a 22 matrix scheme to help classify and understand existing sociological theories based on four major paradigms. The matrix was structured based on th e four main debates in sociology, which was then further consolidated into two fundamental issues that form the axis of the 22 matrix. Sociological Paradigms Functionalist Paradigm (objective regulation): Individuals in this paradigm rest upon the premise that society has a real concrete existence and a systematic character and is directed toward the production of order and regulation. The social science enterprise is believed to be objective and value-free. This paradigm possess a pragmatic orientation, it is concerned with understanding society in a way that produces useful, usable knowledge. (Craig Paul, 1991) Interpretive Paradigm (subjective regulation): From this perspective, social reality, although possessing order and regulation, never realizes an external concrete form. Instead it is the product of inter-subjective experience. The goal of this paradigm is of developing a purely ‘objective’ social science is a specious one. (Craig Paul, 1991) Radical Humanist Paradigm (subjective radical change). The perception in this paradigm shares its assumptions with that of the interpretive paradigm that everyday reality is socially constructed and maintained. Theorists in this paradigm are mainly concerned with releasing social constraints that limit human potential. They see the current dominant ideologies as separating people from their true selves. (Craig Paul, 1991) Radical Structuralist Paradigm (Objective Radical change): This paradigm believes that social reality is considered to be largely independent of the way it is socially constructed. It has an external existence of its own. The social world is featured by intrinsic tensions and contradictions; these forces serve to bring about radical change in the social system as a whole (Craig Paul, 1991). The paradigms correspond to theories of organizations, that which coexists symbolizing and expressing confirming and contradictory views about what and organization is and what it is ought to be and how could we go about acquiring such knowledge. Figure 1 Sociological Paradigms After having being administered the Sociological Paradigm questionnaire, the author’s paradigm was established as being on the Interpretivist Paradigm of the Quadrant. Although, a radical humanist may share the assumption that everyday reality is socially constructed and maintained with that of the interpretive paradigm, this social construction is tied to’ pathology of consciousness’, a situation in which the author finds herself a prisoner of the social world that she creates (Craig Paul, 1991). However, as well said by David Collins (1996), understanding the person’s paradigm from a questionnaire cannot give the person the right view of which paradigm we fall in as its just simple exercise and the reader understanding and mood at that point of brings a big impact on the way the reader answers the question. Therefore, though this evaluation may give the authors paradigm further scrutiny on various occasions would help confirm the evaluation. 4.2 Definition of Organizational Culture with Google culture Louis, (1980) defines culture as an understanding or meanings shared by a group of people. Similarly Edgar Schein goes a little further and explains organizational culture as â€Å"apattern of shared basic assumptions that the group learned as it solved its problems of external adaptation and internal integration that has worked well enough to be considered valid and, therefore, to be taught to new members as the correct way you perceive, think, and feel in relation to those problems† (Schein.   H,1997) Although, the shared cognition or beliefs may seem the simplest understanding of organizational culture, it also interprets a team effort and the significance of sharing the same views and progressing that belief or perception but not regressing. Google also maintains its organizational culture on the simple terms of futuristic and selfless thought which is to be shared and followed, as rightly put across by one of its founders Sergey Brin â€Å"I actually don’t think keeping the culture is a goal. I think improving the culture is†. (Adam. L, 2008) Furthermore, as described by Google’s Chief culture officer Stacy Savides Sullivan â€Å"I would characterize the culture as one that is team-oriented, very collaborative and encouraging people to think non-traditionally, different from where they ever worked beforeworking with integrity and for the good of the company and for the good of the world, which is tied to our overall mission of making information accessible to the world† (Elinor, M. 2007) Following the strategies of the global market Google understands that the organizational culture should be modified with accordance to the national culture making it one among the best in the industry. Which increasing globalization, performance and values of the employees aligned with the company’s strategy and manipulate culture to achieve the organizational objective according to (Ogbonna and Harris, 2002). 4.3 Evaluation of Google organizational culture on the Cultural Dimension Theory Noting that the analysis is done on Google’s Indian subsidiary, there is no appropriate theory than that of the cultural dimension theory, judging that the theory was structured to observe the interactions between the national culture and the organizational culture. Geert Hofstede study demonstrated that there are national and regional cultural groupings that affect the behaviour of societies and organizations, and that are very persistent across time. Applying the skills of an ‘Interpretivist paradigm’ and comprehending and analyzing the organization an evaluation has been done on the five dimensions of the theory. The five dimensions being power distance, Individualism and collectivism, Masculinity and feminity and uncertainty avoidance Hofstede. G, (1997). Figure 2. Cultural Dimensions of India PDI Power distance, IDV Individualism, MAS Masculinity, UAI Uncertainty avoidance index, LTO Long-term orientation. 4.3.1- Power Distance On this dimension there is an insignificant distribution of power distance between the superiors and subordinates of the organization. The distance, which is even brought to notice, can be accounted for because of the employee’s job profiles or experience within the organization and not because of the kind of inequality brought among the employee relationship. Bringing to notice Hofstede’s dimensions for culture in India on the dimension of Power distance India ranks 77 as compared to the world on an average of 56.5 Hofstede.G, (1997), Google India Pvt. ltd seemed distant from this dimensional score. On reflection, the author recollects that even though the work experience in the organization was the first of her professional life, her start at the organization did not give her a distant feeling. The right of expression and freedom of thought and creativity was encouraged in the organization. Employees are supported, in addition to their regular projects, to spend 20% o f their time working in what they think will most benefit the Organization. The organization believes that many of their significant advances have happened in this manner for example, Adsense and Orkut. Additionally, the company falls under the flat organization structure, emphasizing on the importance of nooglers (new employees) taking up team responsibilities and thereby creating a sense of belonging. Furthermore, to remove the distribution of power distance the company believes in transparency of information from the CEO Eric Schmidt sharing information with that of a junior most employee such as that of an Ad Words Representative. Portals are constantly created for employees to voice their opinion and come up with solutions and ideas for existing and futuristic problems. Though, the organization being based nationally in that of India the organizational culture has not been influenced as yet by the national culture. 4.3.2 -Individualism Hofstede.G, (1997) stated that management in an individualist society is management of individuals. Subordinates can usually be moved around individually; if incentives or bonuses are given, these should be linked to an individual’s performance. Understanding that Individualism is appreciated with a stress on collective effort or team work, recruiters are always on the search of such employees who can maintain their individualism as well as perform collectively as a team. The organization encourages and motivates collective and team work, for which the appraisal is given on an Individual performance. Individualism holds that the individual is the primary unit of reality and the ultimate standard of value. This view does not deny that societies exist or that people benefit from living in them, but it sees society as a collection of individuals, not something over and above them. The organization is concerned about its employees well being and gives every opportunity to learn best practices through teams. Team meeting and inter team events are highly supported and are undertaken with a serious candor. In addition it promotes other employee clubs funding Googler network, Google Women Engineers and the Glbt- Gay, Lesbian, bisexual and transgender googler. Google being an American based organization with an Indian investment there is no difference on this dimension. 4.3.3 -Masculinity Defining the value placed on traditionally male or female value systems this dimension evaluates as to whether the organization gives importance to competitiveness, assertiveness, ambition and accumulation of wealth characteristics of the masculine culture or emphasis on relationships, and quality of life which represents that of the feminine culture.   As explained by Hofstede, G. (1997) masculinity and femininity when comparing the culture prevailing in one organization can be analyzed in he view of values in the organization. Morgan (1986:54) talks about modelling the behaviours implied in the values statement ‘The modelling of appropriate behaviour must occur at each level of the organization result in employees being modelled in these same behaviours.’ Looking at the Google culture it can be roughly said that the organization promotes a masculine value system in the organization because of the benefits it provides to its employees. Benefits such as, along with the basic salary a quarterly bonus and a company an annual bonus in the month of December, furthermore, transportation and food requirements which I provided with no charge and in abundance, health facilities as a gym and a spa along with a medical check up and medical coverage of Rs.5, 00,000 Indian currency on the employees and their immediate dependants. Additionally, day care centres for working parents and quarterly outings and entertainment (called movie nights) are held along with a total support to adventure, book and drama clubs, also, employees are given a discount in the most affluent stores and restaurants in the city. However, this may seem as a totally dominating masculine culture the founders of the Organization have not forgotten their corporate social responsibility and also believe in encouraging the feminine culture within the organization. The most significant commandment of the organization ‘Don’t be Evil’ this belief relies on the fact that com pany ought to do good for the world even if it has to forego some short term gains. Moreover, as users believe in their systems it is their duty to provide and unbiased and objective service. In addition to this it promotes the concept of team development and peer feedback to better the level of employee relationship within the organization. From a radical humanist paradigm though this may seem a balanced organizational culture it seems to be a strategy for the company to get hold of the employees from moving to different organization. 4.3.4 -Uncertainty Avoidance Index This dimension reflects the level of anxiety of the organization that is the extent up to which the organization attempts to cope with anxiety by minimizing uncertainty. Cultures that scored high in uncertainty avoidance prefer guidelines and structured circumstances, and the employee’s tenure in the company is longer. As expressed by Hofstede, G. (1997) â€Å"Laws and rules are ways in which a society tries to prevent uncertainties in the behaviour of people.† However, with regards to the organization there is awareness that business environment changes rapidly hence there is no hesitation to take high risk. The organization believes in funding projects that have 10% chance of earning a billion dollars over the long term as in the past pursuit of such projects have resulted in long term success. Although it cannot be quantified the specific level of risk that the organization is willing to undertake, as the ratio of reward to risk increases, the organization is ready t o accept projects further outside the current businesses, if the initial investment is small relative to the level of investment in our current businesses. To evaluate this as a high or low level of uncertainty avoidance is difficult to tell as it seems but natural that most organizations would definitely keep this as an ideal margin. Furthermore, the organization prides itself on doing business with and selling its products on policies and guidelines. With respect to policies and rules outside the business scenario for the employees it can be said that the regulations are minimum that which is in the best interest of the employee example ID badges, and transportation checks for the security of the employees. As clearly seen from the above graph India among all cultural dimension uncertainty avoidance is the lowest where it is always people likes or has a habit of breaking rules with regards to the organization it can be said there are no rules to be broken in the first place. Howev er, if minor offenses are committed employees are aware and are mindful of the fact that time is money and in time serious offenses can cost them their employment. As Brown(1998) states that rules and regulations of an organization bonds to have a good ethics in the work place and not which impose emotional stress on the behaviour of employees in the organization. Nonetheless, the rules and regulations in Google understand the freedom of the employees with knowledge of the importance of the national culture of the location of the organization. 4.3.5 -Long term orientation This dimension describes the time horizon, the long term or short-term vision of the individual. Hofstede.G, (1997) explains this new dimension of long term orientation verses the short term orientation can be analyzed related to the job security and the long term vision of the employee in the organization with respect to growth in an organization. Google determines that employees within the organization are happy with their current job. They have an added advantage of requesting the manager to give a work experience in different projects. Employees are moved to different project where Google aims to use employee rather than firing them, this shows that Google cares about its employees. The organization believes that business decisions will be made with the long-term welfare of the company and with share holders in mind and not based on accounting considerations. Therefore it can be stated that Google has a long-term oriented culture with respect to seeing the future of its employees . 5. Evaluation of Google organizational culture on Edgar Schein’s Three levels of Culture To understand the organization the best way to do it would be understanding the culture. Schein divides organizational culture into three levels: 5.1 Artifacts: This is being the most surface level of the organization example being the dress code in the company. 5.2 Espoused Values: Just below the level of the artifacts this level consists of the conscious strategies, goals and philosophies 5.3 Basic Assumptions and Values: the last lever is the core or essence of culture which is represented by the basic underlying assumptions and values, which are difficult to discern becausethey exist at a largely unconscious level. Figure 3. Schein’s Three levels of Culture Figure 4. Google’s Three levels of Organizational Culture 6. Criticisms Although the above models have been applied to help analyze the organizational culture, like any other theory they have their shortcomings. 6.1 Cultural dimension theory: Schwartz, (1992) argues that Hofstede’s survey based on one organization (IBM) in his view of culture in an organization; one cannot conclude that culture in all organization in that country practice the same. Furthermore, Brown (1998) criticizes Hofstede’s claims that he identified multiple national cultures or differences between such cultures, challenging his research approach. Brown also questions whether national culture dimensions uniform national actions and institutions agree with brown as a challenging environment in the present world organizations are challenging culture of work irrespective of the national culture. Finally, McSweeney, Brendan (January 2002) states Hofstedes work has not just also been criticized because he seems to identify cultures with nations based on the supposition that within each nation there is a uniform national culture. Other types of cultures are acknowledged to exist but allowed little, if any influence. 6.2 Sociological Paradigm: Though the sociological paradigm has been a well-accepted theory in Organizational management its acceptance within the social sciences have done so with little regard to the model’s internal consistency. Pinder and Bourgeoise (1982) state that Burrell and Morgan’s application of ontology has been misplaced. In addition, another fundamental issue is that whether the intra paradigm perspectives adhere to similar images of the subject matter. Hence, like most significant theories every shortcoming gives thought for future theories. Conclusion In conclusion the task has been challenging and educative for the author in comprehending the structure and culture of an organization though in many instances the observations could be in many aspects be influenced as an employee or my inadequacies of being a good observer to have noticed any kind of pro’s within the organization. However, my opinion on Google have changed understanding the difference of culture in an organization challenging the national culture in certain areas and understanding the cultural practice comparing other organization in different parts of the world. The author being in the quadrant of the Interpretivist Paradigm identifies with the organization being a merge of care and value systems. References google.com/ Adam Lashinky(January 29, 2008) ‘Google wins again’. From the link http://money.cnn.com/2008/01/18/news/companies/google.fortune/index.htm. Retrieved on 29th July 2009. Brown, A (1998) Organisational Culture, London, Financial Times. Burrell, G., Morgan, G(1979). Sociological Paradigms and Organizational Analysis:Heinemann, pp. 1-37 Collins, D. (1996) New Paradigms for Change: Theories of Organisation and the Organisation of Theories. Journal of organisational change management, Vol. 9 No. 4 pp9-23 Craig, S., Paul, D. (1991). The Management research handbook. London: Routledge, 318, pp. 24-38.. Elinor Mills (April 17, 2007)’ Meet Googles culture czar’ from the link http://news.cnet.com/Meet-Googles-culture-czar/2008-1023_3-6179897.html Retrieved on 1st August 2009. Hofstede, Geert. (1997) Culture and Organisations: Software of the Mind, Newyork, Mcgraw Hill. Louis, M.R (1997) Organizations as culture. McSweeney, B. (2002). Hofstedes Model Of National Cultural Differences And Their Consequences:A Triumph Of Faith- A Failure Of Analysis. Human Relations , 89-118. Mills, E. (2007, April 27). news.cnet.com. Retrieved 07 21, 2009, from Meet Googles culture czar: http://news.cnet.com/Meet-Googles-culture-czar/2008-1023_3-6179897.html Mintzberg, H(1983). Structure in Fives Designing Effective Organizations:Prentice Hall Inc. Ogbonna, E. Harris, L.C.(2002), Organizational Culture: A ten year, two phase study of change in the UK food retailing sector. Journal of Management studies, 39 (5), Culture pp. 673-706. Penny cook, A. (2001) Critical applied linguistics : a critical introduction. Mahway, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum., 2001. Schein, E. (1997, October). Organizational Culture Leadership . Retrieved 07 21, 2009, from www.tnellen.com: tnellen.com/ted/tc/schein.html Schein’s model 12manage.com/methods_schein_three_levels_culture.htmlWeber, M (1987). Economy and Society. Berkeley: University of California Press.Yu, E. S. K., Mylopoulos, J(1994). From E-R to â€Å"A-R† Modelling strategic actor relationships for business process reengineering. Manchester; 13-th Int. Conf. on the Entity-relationship Approach.

Delia Smith and Jamie Oliver Essays

Delia Smith and Jamie Oliver Essays Delia Smith and Jamie Oliver Essay Delia Smith and Jamie Oliver Essay Delia Smith and Jamie Oliver are both extremely influential television chefs, however their methods and approaches used to convey themselves and their programmes are extremely comparative. Compare and discuss. However, before I begin, I feel it beneficial to look a little into the history previous of their fruitful careers in cookery. This will enable me to retrieve a fuller picture on how their backgrounds influenced whom and what each portray present day. Jamie Oliver was born in South end on 27th May 1975 to Sally and Trevor Oliver. His only sibling is his little sister, Anne Marie. When he was two years old he moved to the small village of Clavering. Here his family bought a pub, which they name The Cricketers. Both his parents and many uncles are cooks. The catering tradition runs in the family. Jamie began helping out in the kitchens of the Cricketer from as young as the age of 7. Here Jamie realised his desire to cater. As Jamie grew older he was keen to learn all elements of the catering trade. Jamie attended Newport Free Grammar Boys School. From Primary school to secondary school, teachers can remember Jamie always mixing himself up with mischief. Due to this, he was incredibly popular. Teachers say, He could never sit still, but he was friendly and very popular. Jamie was more interested in cooking and his rock band Scarlet Division. At 16 years of age he met Jules. Now 27, Jamie is married to Jules and has one child. He has recognisably become one of the most influential television cooks ever. Delia Smith was born in Surrey in 1941 and brought up in Kent. Leaving school without a single qualification, she eventually found herself washing up in a small London restaurant. Harnessed with the desire to learn how to cook and after much persistence, she was allowed to help the chefs. Thus began her love of cooking and traditional British recipes. She then fostered her personal mission to pass on her knowledge and growing skills to others. In 1969 she then became cookery writer for the Daily Mirrors new magazine. From then onwards she continued to excel in her profession and receive many national awards such as an OBE and honorary degree from various universities. Already we can see that Delia and Jamie differ immensely. However, both are extremely successful in their attempt to catch and hold the attention of their viewers. I do not think they each purposely aimed for their present audiences, I believe it was and is out of their control. Delia and Jamie inescapably appeal to contrasting audiences due to their distinctive characteristics and methods. Over the years, Delia Smith has gradually established a consistent audience. By observing the way in which Delia conducts herself (in terms of language, speech, dress code and gesture) I suggest her audience greatly consists of older middle classed women like herself, who do not intend to follow the recipes but aspire to cook. They simply watch the programme as they perceive Delia as a eminent role model and admire both who and what she represents the perfect high status housewife, motherly and caring and the essential English tradition. To a fraction of her audience, Delia solely represents English tradition. This is mainly to the older viewers who appear less likely to accept new ideas and recipes that fashionable TV chefs propose. They dearly appreciate the rarity Delia provides. However, I believe that by far Delias audience mainly consist of dedicated cookers who thoroughly appreciate the job Delia does and have immense love and respect for her and her methods. Jamie on the other hand, in what can be said, a considerably short amount of time in the cooking industry, has bestowed an ever-growing chain of encouragement from his devoted viewers. Jamies mannerisms, use of language, dress code, attitude, personal looks, surroundings and even his opinions compile together what his audiences crave Jamies complete individuality! Jamie youth and possession of his working class roots, enable him to relate to young working class people in urban communities. Jamies use of colloquial language and common phrases such as pukka, makes it even easier for working class people to relate to him, whilst empowering them at the same time. I suggest that perhaps Jamie is indiscreetly a revolutionist to the world of cookery. He being male empowers other males to consider or even take cookery up. Jamie also represents men in modern day society; positions are changing. Men are no longer seen to be tough as boots and unemotional. As little as 20 years ago, a man even setting foot into the kitchen was completely unheard of, it was seen as a womens job. Surprisingly, Jamie appeals to older women, but not due to the same reasons as Delias. Older women may find Jamie sexy. The idea of a man being able to cook may appeal as seductive or romantic. It comes as no surprise, Delia and Jamie appeal to contrasting audiences therefore they are both going to appeal to them in different ways. Both Delia and Jamies love for cookery is presented inconsistently but in skilled ways. I believe their love for cooking is equal. Delia seems to take her job more seriously. She provides us with an extensive instructional yet informative programme, providing us with a step-by-step guide on how to cook her dishes. She consistently reassures the viewer and provides alternatives wherever possible. Due to this method the audience can sense Delias love for cooking, as it seems she knows her stuff and wants to portray this to the audience. Therefore everything in Delias programme must be right and accurate. However, Jamie tends to take his in his stride. He provides us with an inspirational programme, viewers watch him with an open mind, as it seems he gives more opinionated information allowing his viewers to make choices. Delia deals with her programme as what it actually is, a job a task, which has to be completed. Whereas Jamie portrays to the viewer that cooking is like an experimental adventure that you cant go wrong with. Delias characteristics are to an extent completely the opposite of Jamies. Delia promotes seriousness and strictness. Whereas Jamie, is laid back and relaxed. I suggest this is because Delia feels as if she is required to live up to her high reputation of cooking. Jamie has entered the industry genuinely being himself. People respect Jamie for this. Delia only shows her viewers one side the always happy, bliss nothing will go wrong side. It seems as if Delia has little substance, her personality leaks less than Jamies. Of course, it is only natural to have more than one side to a person, as we are only human including Delia herself. Jamie however, kindly lets the viewers into personal life. This is very clever, as it warms the viewers to him, making him even more favourable to a young modern and trendy audience. Delias programme only has one main aspect to it. She speaks to her viewers instructing through the camera, providing them with a simple step-by-step guide. It is just she and the camera. Delia is the only person we see. Jamie has many different aspects to his programme. For one, Jamie has an interviewer who asks him crucial questions that the viewers want to know. So in a sense, the interviewer represents the audience. This means that Jamie doesnt speak directly to the audience as Delia does. Delias programme may seem more personalised to the audience as she speaks directly to them. However, Jamies method seems more rewarding, as the interviewer is able to find out about the dish specifically by asking him desirable questions. Viewers are then able to jot this down. You arent given a chance to ask Delia any questions regarding her dishes. However, Delia is very precise and specific and she usually she covers everything youll need to know about the dish. Another interesting aspect to Jamies programme is when he begins cooking; he has an important task in mind. Delia cooks for the benefit of her viewers, Jamie cooks for an event or specific person. With this in mind, there is always an element of emotion on the part of the viewers. Jamie provides his audience with a story whilst still informing them how to cook. Usually its gripping will he make it in time where will he get the food from everywhere is shut! As Jamie solves these problems, his audiences are able to judge him as a person and observe how he deals with these situations. Viewers are then able to warm to him, as he is seen as a human being who has problems equally as anyone else. Delia is incredibly easy to understand. Her tone of voice adds to the simplicity of her instructions and methods. Her soft, mellow, gentle, slow voice comforts the viewer. She makes her programme easy for older and elderly people to understand due to the slow pace she speaks at. Delia speaks in Standard English, which makes it soothing and plain for all to understand whether middle classed or working class. She constantly reassures the viewer filling in any doubts. She comes across as caring, kind and motherly a warming and trustworthy character. Jamie is more so portrayed as your big brother. He delivers useful cooking advice to his viewers and is funny and friendly. A great attribution to his programme is that is seen Jamie to gel with anyone and everyone. This is why people respect him and his methods. However, people may be held back by Jamie, as he may seem a little too erratic. His show doesnt seem rehearsed. Therefore thought of as not properly done. Nevertheless, this is one of the many reasons why Jamies audience are attracted to his programme. They favour the fact that he is so spontaneous. Delias programme comes across as rehearsed as everything is in its correct place. For instance the utensils she uses are laid out for her. Due to this I suggest that people feel safer following Delias methods. Her methods seem trustworthier as they are traditional, tried and tested and have worked successfully in the past. Jamie speaks in colloquial language and uses modern phrases and slang. He speaks fast and seems somewhat careless. For instance, Jamie may say an offensive joke, however it is inoffensive to him. Compared to Delia, it may be difficult for a non-Londoner to understand some of the words and phrases he uses, as he uses London slang. Theres no doubt that Jamie is confident in his profession, comparatively confident to what Delia portrays. This is most likely due to the fact that he enjoys it so much, and views cooking as fun. Jamie is fearless of cooking blunders, as cooking is about experimenting. Whereas Delia equally enjoys cooking, but as mentioned earlier, views it as a task that has to be successfully fulfilled. People believe that its not acceptable for Delia to go wrong, as she has such a high status, and can always be relied on to get her recipes and methods accurate consistently. Whilst watching both programmes, I have observed while each are in the kitchen, they both have distinctive surroundings. Delias kitchen is very neat and organised. Everything is in its right place, ready to be used. The main colour scheme in her kitchen is white. It is perhaps ironic as I associate white with pure. This coincides perfectly with my idea of which I believe Delia represents the pure essential English woman who everyone respects. I doubt this effect was purposely created. On the other hand, Jamies kitchen is overflowing with cooking utensils. His kitchen is busy and to some extent unorganised. However, it is only unorganised to the viewer, as only he knows where everything is in his kitchen. Jamies kitchen is filled with various colours. Creating a fun happy place to work in. Delia prepares her dishes on a raised table in the middle of her kitchen. This is the focus of scene. She has lots of space on it; all utensils are arranged neatly waiting to be used. Jamie has a table for preparing the food however; it looked as if he had simply creating it by making some space. When Jamie finishes with his bowls, plates and cutlery he simply chucks them in the sink. However, when Delia finishes using her bowls and dishes they are left on the table, and then sorted off camera. When Delia decides to use her hands, for instance when kneading dough, we dont see her washing her hands afterwards. This is done off camera. Whereas Jamie, turns on the tap, quickly dashes his hands under the water, wipes his hands on a tea towel and commences with his dish. I think that Delia may believe that these conventions neednt be shown on TV, as they take the focus off the aim of the programme and waste time. I feel that viewers dont need to see Delia washing her hands as they assume that she is clean and hygienic anyway. Delia is seen as the perfect housewife, which leads the viewer to believe that the washing up will be seen to once she has finished cooking. Jamie however, shows that leaving the dishes and washing his hands is a normal part of the cooking process. Perhaps because we dont have the same ultra clean and hygienic view on Jamie as we have on Delia, it is a good thing that we see Jamie washing his hands.

A patient requiring mechanical ventilation Essay

A patient requiring mechanical ventilation - Essay Example She was hospitalised for 4 weeks and needed the tracheostomy tube to be in place for 9-weeks following discharge. In general it is found that collaborations between the intensive care nurse and the intensive care specialist is vital for evaluating and managing the patient and to ensure that the outcomes are fruitful. In general, the mortalities for ARDS are high (40 to 50%), mainly due to the ineffective traditional methods of managing such patients that have been utilised in the past. However, with use of several evidence-based protocols, the outcomes can be improved. Some of the measures that were provided to Rita included include mechanical ventilation, tracheostomy, prone positioning (HOB elevation), antibiotic administration (as she had sepsis), ECMO (due to sudden drop in the partial pressure of oxygen), sedation protocols, supportive therapy, RBC packed cell and platelet transfusion and a conservative fluid strategy. Rita developed renal complications and aspiration pneumonia, which were effectively managed. A careful nursing plan requires to be chalked out to cater to the individual needs of the patient. Ideal treatment would ensure speedy recovery and early resumption of normal activities by the patient. Case Study of a Patient Suffering from ARDS and requiring Mechanical Ventilation and Nursing Care Introduction This case study is of a 38-year old female, by name Rita, who was suffering from acute distress respiratory syndrome (ARDS), due to sepsis and requiring mechanical ventilation and a nursing care plan. ARDS is a condition in which the lungs are unable to perform their usual function of absorbing oxygen (Ensure Care Plan 2011). ARDS usually may follow critical illnesses, serious injuries or developed after major surgeries. The condition is a form of pulmonary oedema not from a proper cardiac cause, which occurs due to a drop in pressure in the pulmonary arteries (ARDS Training 2010). In ARDS, there is leakage of fluids and proteins into the air sacs and the interstitial lung tissues leading to pulmonary oedema (caused from damage to the alveoli-capillary mechanism) (Austin CC 2012). There may be several mediators involved in the damage of the alveoli-capillary mechanism including microorganisms, toxins, allergens, neutrophils, TNF, etc. After injury, the symptoms can develop within en 24 to 72 hours, and the respiratory functions tend to deteriorate leading to decreased lung volumes and compliance (Ensure Nursing Plan 2011). Due to the damage to the pneumocytes type 2, the lungs collapse and there is a decrease in the volume of the lungs. Fibrocytes convert the intra-alveolar fluid to a fibrous tissue and leads to poor ventilation (causing hypoxemia). When ARDS progresses, the patient can develop respiratory failure and can lead to arrest of the cardiopulmonary functions (Ensure Nursing Plan 2011). Usually ARDS develops from an underlying cause or a lung disorder and may vary depending upon the geographical location, age g roup, etc. Some of the causes of ARDS include direct injuries (may be trauma, chemical, oxygen toxicity, damage from free radicals, thermal or burns, drug overdose, or sepsis), drowning (or near drowning) or hemorrhagic shock (ARDS Training 2010). The incidence of ARDS is about 140,000 to 150,000 cases each year, and about 40 to 50% of the affected cases develop mortalities (Ensure Care Plans 2011). This is a case

The importance of history Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The importance of history - Essay Example Sports teams often analyze the previous performance history of the opponents before preparing themselves for the coming matches. History can also help politicians in deciding about the relationship of a country with other countries. â€Å"When you understand history, you understand basic concepts and ideas. You will learn about cause and effect, relationships and human nature† (Chin, n. d). At present we have enough knowledge about what is electricity or what is energy. We are indebted to the efforts of ancient scientists for our current knowledge about these things. Same way histories give us important lessons about the past which will help us to make conclusions while facing similar situations at present. History gives us the idea about the hierarchy of all the natural events happening in this world. For example, history helps us to understand at what time the monsoon comes or at what times the weather or season changes. In short, history plays an important role in shaping e very aspect of present and future human life on earth. During the initial half of twentieth century, Mahatma Gandhi succeeded in getting freedom to his country India from the colonial rules of Britain through peaceful means. The core philosophy of his freedom struggles was the theory of non violence which motivated other leaders like Nelson Mandela later in the history.

What Is Federalism Federal Evolution in United States Essay

What Is Federalism Federal Evolution in United States - Essay Example It is this type of federalism that the founders envisioned, and its main purposes were to provide for an equitable sharing of resources, and also avoid tyranny. Under dual federalism, the federal government was limited to its enumerated functions, which includes defense, and all manner of foreign policies. The occurrence of the great depression in America signified an end to the concept of dual federalism; instead there emerged the concepts of cooperative federalism. This is an aspect where by the national government is a strong institution as compared to the state governments. This form of federalism began with Frankline Roosevelt, and a case that helped to validate the emergence of a strong national government is the Helvering vs. David. In this case, the court gave a ruling that the functions of social security provision were a responsibility of a national government (Seddon, 2013). This gave the national government legitimacy to carry out powers which were not enumerated to it. Finally, the concept of new federalism evolved in the 20th century with the coming in of president Ronald Reagan. This is because he initiated the concepts of devolution by giving out grants to state governments and allowing them to use this money as they pleased (Seddon, 2013). Previously, any money advanced to the state governments was closely monitored and regulated. This changed with Ronald Reagan. Q. 2: One factor that allowed the concept of federalism to gain root in America is the need to distribute power amongst the various states that formed America. Federalism describes the basic structure of the government of America, and there arose disagreements by the founding fathers on the best method of distributing power and sharing resources. This was during the constitutional convention. Delegates at this constitutional convention feared creating a strong national government, as well as a strong state government (Seddon, 2013). Creating these strong institutions could lead to tyra nny. To prevent it therefore, there was a need to create a federal state. The need for allowing people to engage in American politics also allows the concept of federalism to shape the American politics. Americans can participate in politics in a number of ways. They can write to their senators urging them to support a particular issue, or they can even make presentations to their city councils, or local school boards. Due to Federalism, Americans are able to elect their president, members of congress, governors, and senators. On this basis, federalism allows political participation (Gallagher, 2012). The need for equitable sharing of resources makes it possible for Americans to allow the concept of federalism. The states and the federal government are able to share and distribute resources in an equitable manner. In fact, states and the federal government have their agencies all over the nation, just for the provision of services (Seddon, 2013). For example, the constitution allows states to form their own policies and implement them. This is if the policies do not breach the constitution. This is because the constitution provides a guideline on how the federal and the state government ought to relate with one another. Q.3: One factor that determines how states influence the policies of the Federal government is on the successes and failures of a given policy by the states. On this basis, states usually act as role models for the federal government, and this is because the federal government will implement policies that these states are successful in

Babel Movie Analysis Essay

Babel Movie Analysis Essay The Book of Genesis tells the story of the Tower of Babel. After the Great Flood all of the humankind spoke the same language. People decided to build a city with the tower that can reach heaven. The Tower was built not to worship God, but to make a name for the builders: Then they said, Come, let us build ourselves a city, and a tower with its top in the heavens, and let us make a name for ourselves; otherwise we shall be scattered abroad upon the face of the whole earth. Afterwards, God came down to Earth, and was displeased with the intentions of the builders and the purpose of the Tower of Babel, and he confused their language to break the main principle of their power unity. God also scattered the citizens of Babylon all around the globe. Before going into the analysis of the movie, I would like to make use of the Clifford Geertz argument of cultural interpretations. Social facts and culture are different things, but they are interconnected. If to apply Geertzs terminology we can call a movie director an ethnographer. And whatever the ethnographer researches or studies is highly interpretive to him, to his social facts, culture, norms and values. Culture tends to resist, or is permitted to resist and thus can escape systematic modes of assessment. You either grasp interpretation or you do not, see the point of it or not, accept it or not  [3]  . Therefore, this film in interpreted through the lens of directors perception, so I as a viewer interpret it further through my perception of culture and social facts. The movie Babel was directed by a Mexican director Alejandro Gonzalez. The plot of the movie tells the story of 4 different families American, Moroccan, Mexican and Japanese; and all of these families are interconnected by a series of events and face different social facts imposed by diverse societies with various values and cultural norms. Emile Durkheim defined social fact in two ways. First goes as following A social fact is any way of acting, whether fixed or not, capable of exerting over the individual an external constraint  [4]  . In this definition, Durkheim introduces the idea of social constraint which identifies reasoning behind actions as social facts. Meaning that there are various pressures on an individual on how to act, or of to act in the first place. If he/she violates and breaks this constraint, the consequence of this might be moral (sense of wrongdoing; being judged by people around you) or on the greater scale legal  [5]  . In the movie we can see examples of social constraints to a different extent in all of the 3 story lines. For example, in the beginning of the film the father of the Moroccan family purchases a rifle for his young sons so that they can defend the sheep from jackals. When both of the sons test the rifle, it appeared that younger brother (Yussef) shoots better that the ol der one (Ahmed). This can be interpreted as a social constraint for Ahmed, who felt being judged by the others, even if he was not. What might have given boost to this feeling of judgement is the case of a strong patriarchal rule in Morocco, where more pressure, to some extent, is put on a man. To some level this led to the incident of the bus shooting, where Ahmed was trying to prove that he can shoot better than his younger brother. Another example can be given from this storyline. Yussef was spying on his sister while she was bathing. She knew that her brother was spying, but did nothing to stop it, which on the contrary meant encouragement on some level. This brings the topic of incest taboo to the table. This is constraint which will be not just judged upon, but the legal action can be taken as well. The topic if incest is extremely sensitive and is not tolerated in modern days, although it was acceptable from ancient times in various royal families (e.g. Cleopatras first husband was her brother). Later on, when father found out about what was going on, he physically and verbally punishes children. One of the Durkheim arguments included the way that the children are brought up: Parents impose upon the child ways of seeing, thinking and acting which he himself would not have arrived at spontaneously  [6]  . Further more, Spencer argues that rational education should be reject in favour of giving the child complete freedom. I personally disagree with this view. I do realize that not all of the people are parent material, but this sort view is extreme. Children should be taught certain limitations, rules and values; but the correct balance should be found. As the saying goes Children are their parents reflection. Durkheims second definition was that social fact is general over the whole of a given society whilst having an existence of its own, independent of its individual manifestations. This definition takes more general approach to social facts. In order to better understand this concept Durkheim introduced the term social currents  [7]  which are collective emotions, feelings and thoughts in a group, which have stronger impact than any individuals own emotions. The groups experience originates outside of the individual and moves on to all of the members of the group. Durkheim argues that this has certain coercive effect, meaning that while individuals in the group allow shared experience to strengthen, they also keep an illusion of having created, that which actually forced itself from without  [8]  . Moreover, if an individual separates himself from the group emotion, he will find out that the emotion was not his own and will be met by resistance from the rest of the group, if to attempt to show another felling or emotion. This is exactly what happened to American family in Morocco. American woman got accidentally shot while on the bus tour. Bus driver goes to a nearest village, which only had a veterinarian who sewed the wounds. But the wounded woman still needed full medical care because of severe blood loss, so they were waiting for the ambulance which was driving from the nearest hospital (3 hours away). At the same time other tourists on the bus wanted to leave the woman and her husband (Richard) in the fear of another attack (the first attack was quickly labelled terrorist) and concerns over heat. The tour group and Richard engage in several arguments, eventually resulting in tour group leaving while Richard was on the phone. So if we put this example in previously mentioned Durkheims arguments we can see that after the accident the bus group was divided. The groups experience originated from outside, which in this case was the shooting. But Richard and his wife were quickly separated from the group; because now the group did not share same emotion and the same goals. Consequently, the tour group resisted Richards arguments and left. It is not certain what would have been the outcome of this situation if someone else would have shoot. Every group has a leader, which in the movie was played by a British tourist. What if he got shot? Would have this made a different outcome? Or just actors change and the end result remains the same? I guess the outcome will vary significantly depending on parameters of the situation. The next issue of the movie I would like to address is suicide. We observe the story of a Japanese family Yasujiro and Chieko Wataya. Yasujiro is a widower, whose wife committed suicide and is confronted with communication difficulties with his daughter Chieko, who is deaf mute. Because of Chiekos disability, she is seen as an outcast in the society, with people constantly shutting her down while she is in need of a simple human contact. Later in the movie, she told a police officer that her mother committed suicide by jumping off the balcony, while the truth was that she shot herself. And in the end of the movie we find Chieko standing on the edge as the balcony, which I interpreted as suicide intent. Durkheim wrote extensively on topic of suicide, implementing social current into the issue. He took various approaches such as quantitative and statistical, analysis of weather and season, etc  [9]  . But this data just showed statistics and patters, but not the cause, which in Du rkheims view was social. Durkheim argues that one of the most important aspects for explanation of suicide rates are the degree of integration into and regulation by society. Also depending on the size of the family the larger the family, the lesser the chance of suicide within it. Thus, Japanese families in general (inc. the Watayas) tend to be small in size, which according to Durkheim makes members within them more prone to suicide. Coming back to the role of the society, Durkheim gave a sociological explanation: Each social group really has a collective inclination for the act, quite its own, and the source of all individual inclination, rather than the result. It is made up of the currents of egoism, altruism or anomy running through the society. These tendencies of the whole social body, by affecting individuals, cause them to commit suicide.  [10]  We can see an example of this in the movie, when Chieko and her friend are approached by the boy who invites them for a drink with his friends, but as soon as he realises that both girls are deaf mute, he leaves and laughs with his friends. Such tendencies can cause intent to commit suicide. But what Durkheim does not mention, is how and what people attribute to the actions and behaviour of others, which undermines his theory significantly. Overall, Babel brings out various interesting issues in sociological terms. The movie after all is fictional, and so are the characters; but the social facts and culture are real. Durkheims theories are sound, clear, and are easy to put into real-life situations. But on the other hand, if to completely follow his idea of social facts, our behaviour is more or less predicted by them, and we almost have no option but to accept them. People can do anything they like as long as it does not harm others J.S. Mill On Liberty

Graduation Speech -- Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

I rediscovered something while trying to think of my speech for tonight. History repeats itself. Everything I felt compelled to say I knew has been said before and will be said in times to come. I grew dismayed at the thought that the human race has progressed so little that the same advice has as much merit now as it did when it was first given, millenniums ago. Yet there is a simple beauty in this. It reassures us that humans will always be human; that everyone is experiencing life for the first time, no matter how many ancestors lie before them. Since we are each seeing life anew, the same truths will occur again and again. These truths have brought us to this point in history; they will carry us for the rest of our lives. Inner motivation is the force that drives us upward and onward. We all know how to rely on that force. It does not matter what degree of "success" or "achievement" we reach, so long as what we do reach is comfortable for us. Whether our motivation compels us simply to make it to school each day, or to juggle multiple outside interests with difficult class loa...

Racism

Maybe it Is not painted In such vivid and bright colors, but It Is still here. There are many Instances that have occurred throughout history that we can pick and choose from to show how prejudiced we really are. Novels have also been written discussing the Issue of racial discrimination one In particular highlighting how appalling and immoral It really Is, â€Å"To Kill a Mockingbird† by Harper Lee.Our Australian history is not one to be proud of but one of the things that it does well is display to us how deeply ingrained racism s in our beloved country. The indigenous people who formerly had this land to themselves were classified as fauna. This law was only overturned as late as 1967. In the article ‘Lifting the Veil on Our Ingrained Racism' by Sandy Gifford we are provided with multiple examples proving that racism is a part of our national character.As a child she was told that â€Å"Only colored children wear white shoes†, still to this day she has never ow ned a pair of white shoes. This clearly illustrates to us that even though racism may not be something always so evident, It Is something we take In as hillier and never forget, making It a fundamental part of our society. Social cohesion Is something that will help the multi-cultural population of Australia achieve a community that works together and Is accepting of all people.The endeavourer towards social cohesion in Australia will not be smooth or simple. There will be many steps that have to be taken and bridges crossed. Simon Overland in his article†luminous Is the Key to Harmony† presents us with a viewpoint distinctly in favor of social cohesion. He says that â€Å"Social Isolationism and disengagement teeming, from among other things, racism and negative stereotyping, is the real problem†, referring to our incapability to exercise restraint in our assumptions, â€Å"that all Somalis and Muslims have strong links with terrorism†.Embracing the multic ulturalism that we have been provided with In this country is something that will only lead to a more desirable and valuable way of living. In Harper Lee's novel â€Å"To Kill a Mockingbird† one of the main themes explored throughout the story Is racism. In the town of Macomb where this novel Is set, racism appears to be as natural as reheating to the people who live there. Harper Lee brings light to the inherent evils of racism basing the novel around an African-American's conviction.Tom Robinson is convicted purely because he is a black man and his accuser is white. The evidence is so powerfully in his favor, that race is clearly the single defining factor in the Jury's decision. â€Å"Tom's death was typical. Typical of a Niger to cut and run. Typical of a insigne's mentality to have no plan, no thought for the future, just run blind first chance he saw', even after the harsh death of Tom Robinson no sympathy is shown awards him and we really see how deeply rooted racism Is in the culture that Harper Lee describes. To Kill a Mockingbird† Is set In the segregated South during the asses. Black people were highly subjugated members of society and continually classed as ‘lesser'. There Is quite a social hierarchy displayed to the reader In this novel with some of the families who have no money or almost anything else, at the very bottom. But even below these families was all of the black community. All blacks were treated poorly. The level of racism demonstrated in the scenes of this novel is sustained simply by the close-mindedness of the people in the town of Macomb.When writing the novel Harper Lee didn't only include characters who were prejudiced and racist. She also included characters such as Attic's who believed that all humans are equal and he passed on this philosophy to his children, Gem and Scout. This in itself is a way to amend the issue of racial discrimination, offering hope for a better world. Parents teaching their children a way of living which includes considering things from other people's perspectives. Oh never really know a man until you stand in his shoes and walk around in them†, some of the characters in Lee's novel really did have inner strength and moral courage. For humans to live in peace and finally achieve that level respect and understanding we all want so dearly all we need to do is accept everyone including ourselves for who we are. See each and every human being as equal disregarding any other factors and giving them the level of appreciation you yourself would want. Only then will we all be able to live in harmony. Racism Racism has predominately focused itself around the African American population, however, has not been associated with â€Å"white† individuals. There has always been a racial divide between the two groups and this Is evident In bell hooks' article, which illustrates how â€Å"whites† have made their Identity as fear, power and terrorism. This chapter also goes on to discuss how the â€Å"blacks† have experienced different aspects of terrorism by the dominant white society. Due to both white supremacy and white privilege, African Americans were treated extremely poorly as slaves instead of unmans.There was the belief that â€Å"whites† were misusing the power they had, and the misuse of power would lead to negative impacts on the black community. Although the black community adapted to the values and the habits of the â€Å"whites,† they were hoping for the â€Å"whites† to finally get over the need to terrorize their people. In the article, H ooks discusses that even though times have changed, the black population still feels as if they are being terrorized and are rarely close to the â€Å"whites. Through the misuse of power due to the â€Å"whites,† which led to the rejection f the black community by society, it has made the â€Å"blacks† feel the need to give up their Identity and try to fit In with the white society. Hooks goes on to describe a situation that she had encountered when she went to a cultural studies conference. She felt that there was white dominance In the way everything was organized. Wealth her article, Hooks tries to educate people more about the whiteness, so that individuals can move away from the typical race that exists and recognize the confrontation that still exists in order to identify the other skin color.The way whiteness is designed; it brings up different types of stereotypes in the mind of other people in society and gives it a lot of different meanings. She argues that stereotyping is a way of talking negatively about other races and not being racist at the same time. The differences between the â€Å"whites† and â€Å"blacks† is not something that black Individuals have always created but things such as domination, imperialism, colonialism and racist are the many reasons why black Individuals have felt contrary about their own race. Whiteness† to the black community appears to be better than their own color and race.At the beginning of the article, hooks talks about some of the discussions that students were having in the classroom. When these discussions took place, it amazed the â€Å"whites† as they were listening to how the â€Å"blacks† noticed whiteness. The shock after listening to these comments that black individuals were saying goes to show that white students at the time were uneducated about the other races that existed around them. There was also the mint that hooks made stating that whiteness is pre sent without the awareness of blackness.She uses Baldwin notion to support this argument in which he stated that wherever white men go, they take control. The experiences that Hooks encountered herself are outlined within her article The article, Representing Whiteness In the Black Imagination, gives a better understanding of what people thought about the whiteness issue that â€Å"blacks† were facing during the 19th century. Bell hooks has also demonstrated that an Image of white people has been created In he black community because of the things that have happened in the past.This domestic servants, working in white homes, acting as informants, brought knowledge back to segregated communities – details, facts, observations, and psychoanalytic readings of the white other. † The imagination of â€Å"whiteness† has also affected Hooks as an African American. This article targets many of the arguments that have been discussed within the course. Hooks describ es how black females had been differentiated in comparison to white females, from the point of view of a young black male who grew up in a community where black people had been the victim of racism.Even though this article was predominantly about the black community, it also narrows the focus on how females are viewed and essentially victimized. As presented in Frankness's article, there is the understanding that while females had also been victimized due to white racism. Her article mainly focuses on how black and white females are observed in society and how racism shapes white females. Both of the articles have given a distinct and clear understanding of what occurred in the 19th century. Kooks portrays how white people dominated the black community in America. The stereotypes against the â€Å"blacks† can still be seen in our society and Hooks use of personal experiences gives the reader enhanced knowledge about the prejudice they had to go through. Brandenburg being a wh ite feminist also shares her experiences of racism that has helped shape the life of a white woman. Therefore, the power that the white society had certainly made a negative impact on the lives of several â€Å"blacks† and has made it harder for them to accept themselves for whom they are.