Analysis of Organisational Culture at Google The WritePass Journal

Analysis of Organisational Culture at Google 1.Introduction Analysis of Organisational Culture at Google 1.Introduction2. Organizational Background3. Analysis3.1 Data collection3.2 Theories applied4. ParadigmOrganizational Perception Interpretation4.1 Burrell Morgan’s Sociological Paradigms Sociological Paradigms 4.2 Definition of Organizational Culture with Google culture4.3 Evaluation of Google organizational culture on the Cultural Dimension Theory4.3.1- Power Distance4.3.2 -Individualism4.3.3 -Masculinity 4.3.4 -Uncertainty Avoidance Index4.3.5 -Long term orientation5. Evaluation of Google organizational culture on Edgar Schein’s Three levels of Culture5.1 Artifacts:5.2 Espoused Values:5.3 Basic Assumptions and Values:6. Criticisms 6.1 Cultural dimension theory:6.2 Sociological Paradigm: Conclusion ReferencesRelated 1.Introduction Analyzing an organization is no more than studying first its genesis its mottos and beliefs and the future it holds for the society that it resides in. For most companies, an organization is neither a science nor an art; it’s an oxymoron. It is not a result from systematic, methodical planning but, shaped more by politics than by policies. However, perceiving an organization from a critical point of view would overshadow all the development and technology that many organizations have contributed to our society. In the words of Walt Disney co-founder of the Walt Disney Company states that â€Å"Whatever we accomplish is due to the combined effort. The organization must be with you or you dont get it done In my organization there is respect for every individual, and we all have a keen respect for the public†. The author has chosen to talk about the Google culture from an Interpretivism perspective as she worked as an Ad Words Representative for the organisation. 2. Organizational Background Google Inc an American public corporation earns its proceeds primarily from its advertising which is related to its Internet search, e-mail, online mapping, office productivity, social networking, and video sharing. Google is not a conventional company and with no intention to become one either. Throughout Google’s evolution as a privately held company they have always done it differently, where the emphasis is laid on the creativity and challenge of its people which has resulted in providing unbiased, accurate and free access information for its users. The genesis of this organization begins with its co- founders Larry Page and Sergey Bin alumni of Stanford University where it was incorporated as a privately held organization on September 4, 1998 and then was moved to public ownership on August 19th 2004. The organization is globally spread across starting from the Head office in Mountain View California, with some of its subsidiaries being India, United Kingdom, Germany, Brazil, Czech Republic, Poland, South Africa, etc. With approximately 20,000 employees working for this organization it has been voted by Fortune Magazine as ‘The Best Company’ to work for the second time in February 2008. 3. Analysis 3.1 Data collection The analysis of the organization is done with respect to the Indian subsidiary that is geographically located in the south of India- Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh.   The author worked as an As Words representative for the organization. The data collection for this analysis is based on a subjective and objective perspective, the subjective data being the author’s observations, perceptions and experiences, and the objective being that which is communicated and believed within the organization over the years. The author relates the analyses to the one year work experience, work relationships, work climate and culture, training and evaluation methods which was gained and undergone at the organization. The author also takes into count the strength of the workforce and the significant department in concern in which the author was a count for and worked for. The strength of the workforce noted to be an exact number of a 1000 employees for the year 2007- 2008 who worked for this subsidi ary handling the Online Sales Operation for Asia Pacific, with Ad Words being the main revenue generating product other than that of Ad Sense. 3.2 Theories applied The analysis of the organization has been done on the transformational factor, Organizational culture, with a correlation to that of the author’s paradigm on Burrell Morgan’s Sociological Paradigms and Organizational Analysis, Heinemann, 1979 . Geert Hofstede’s ‘Cultural dimensions theory’ has been used as the main model of analysis, however, to move beyond the national culture dimension and towards the organizations levels of culture Edgar Schein’s ‘Three levels of culture’ has also been applied. Burrell Morgan’s Sociological Paradigms gives an outlook of the author’s quadrant of perception on the company. Furthermore, the focus of study is from a radical humanistic point of view, the author falls under this paradigm believing that change begins with individual. The below given study also covers the founders view of organizational culture which is supported by the interview with Fortune Magazine. 4. Paradigm Organizational Perception Interpretation 4.1 Burrell Morgan’s Sociological Paradigms Understanding that the paper necessitates a more focused and specific analysis Burrell Morgan’s Sociological Paradigms and Organizational Analysis, Heinemann, 1979 paradigms has been applied as this synchronic model makes sense, which it places to time dimension on the study and understanding of organizations. It can be comprehended that a paradigm is a lens through which we perceive the world, each lens giving their own meaning and assumptions about the nature of the world and the way it is ought to be made sense of.   There are many different lenses, which exist for viewing and understanding the world, and what follows will be a necessary simplification of a complex and constantly shifting set of boundaries that define the current paradigms (Penny cook, A. 2001). Explaining Burrell Morgan’s Theory it is developed by a 22 matrix scheme to help classify and understand existing sociological theories based on four major paradigms. The matrix was structured based on th e four main debates in sociology, which was then further consolidated into two fundamental issues that form the axis of the 22 matrix. Sociological Paradigms Functionalist Paradigm (objective regulation): Individuals in this paradigm rest upon the premise that society has a real concrete existence and a systematic character and is directed toward the production of order and regulation. The social science enterprise is believed to be objective and value-free. This paradigm possess a pragmatic orientation, it is concerned with understanding society in a way that produces useful, usable knowledge. (Craig Paul, 1991) Interpretive Paradigm (subjective regulation): From this perspective, social reality, although possessing order and regulation, never realizes an external concrete form. Instead it is the product of inter-subjective experience. The goal of this paradigm is of developing a purely ‘objective’ social science is a specious one. (Craig Paul, 1991) Radical Humanist Paradigm (subjective radical change). The perception in this paradigm shares its assumptions with that of the interpretive paradigm that everyday reality is socially constructed and maintained. Theorists in this paradigm are mainly concerned with releasing social constraints that limit human potential. They see the current dominant ideologies as separating people from their true selves. (Craig Paul, 1991) Radical Structuralist Paradigm (Objective Radical change): This paradigm believes that social reality is considered to be largely independent of the way it is socially constructed. It has an external existence of its own. The social world is featured by intrinsic tensions and contradictions; these forces serve to bring about radical change in the social system as a whole (Craig Paul, 1991). The paradigms correspond to theories of organizations, that which coexists symbolizing and expressing confirming and contradictory views about what and organization is and what it is ought to be and how could we go about acquiring such knowledge. Figure 1 Sociological Paradigms After having being administered the Sociological Paradigm questionnaire, the author’s paradigm was established as being on the Interpretivist Paradigm of the Quadrant. Although, a radical humanist may share the assumption that everyday reality is socially constructed and maintained with that of the interpretive paradigm, this social construction is tied to’ pathology of consciousness’, a situation in which the author finds herself a prisoner of the social world that she creates (Craig Paul, 1991). However, as well said by David Collins (1996), understanding the person’s paradigm from a questionnaire cannot give the person the right view of which paradigm we fall in as its just simple exercise and the reader understanding and mood at that point of brings a big impact on the way the reader answers the question. Therefore, though this evaluation may give the authors paradigm further scrutiny on various occasions would help confirm the evaluation. 4.2 Definition of Organizational Culture with Google culture Louis, (1980) defines culture as an understanding or meanings shared by a group of people. Similarly Edgar Schein goes a little further and explains organizational culture as â€Å"apattern of shared basic assumptions that the group learned as it solved its problems of external adaptation and internal integration that has worked well enough to be considered valid and, therefore, to be taught to new members as the correct way you perceive, think, and feel in relation to those problems† (Schein.   H,1997) Although, the shared cognition or beliefs may seem the simplest understanding of organizational culture, it also interprets a team effort and the significance of sharing the same views and progressing that belief or perception but not regressing. Google also maintains its organizational culture on the simple terms of futuristic and selfless thought which is to be shared and followed, as rightly put across by one of its founders Sergey Brin â€Å"I actually don’t think keeping the culture is a goal. I think improving the culture is†. (Adam. L, 2008) Furthermore, as described by Google’s Chief culture officer Stacy Savides Sullivan â€Å"I would characterize the culture as one that is team-oriented, very collaborative and encouraging people to think non-traditionally, different from where they ever worked beforeworking with integrity and for the good of the company and for the good of the world, which is tied to our overall mission of making information accessible to the world† (Elinor, M. 2007) Following the strategies of the global market Google understands that the organizational culture should be modified with accordance to the national culture making it one among the best in the industry. Which increasing globalization, performance and values of the employees aligned with the company’s strategy and manipulate culture to achieve the organizational objective according to (Ogbonna and Harris, 2002). 4.3 Evaluation of Google organizational culture on the Cultural Dimension Theory Noting that the analysis is done on Google’s Indian subsidiary, there is no appropriate theory than that of the cultural dimension theory, judging that the theory was structured to observe the interactions between the national culture and the organizational culture. Geert Hofstede study demonstrated that there are national and regional cultural groupings that affect the behaviour of societies and organizations, and that are very persistent across time. Applying the skills of an ‘Interpretivist paradigm’ and comprehending and analyzing the organization an evaluation has been done on the five dimensions of the theory. The five dimensions being power distance, Individualism and collectivism, Masculinity and feminity and uncertainty avoidance Hofstede. G, (1997). Figure 2. Cultural Dimensions of India PDI Power distance, IDV Individualism, MAS Masculinity, UAI Uncertainty avoidance index, LTO Long-term orientation. 4.3.1- Power Distance On this dimension there is an insignificant distribution of power distance between the superiors and subordinates of the organization. The distance, which is even brought to notice, can be accounted for because of the employee’s job profiles or experience within the organization and not because of the kind of inequality brought among the employee relationship. Bringing to notice Hofstede’s dimensions for culture in India on the dimension of Power distance India ranks 77 as compared to the world on an average of 56.5 Hofstede.G, (1997), Google India Pvt. ltd seemed distant from this dimensional score. On reflection, the author recollects that even though the work experience in the organization was the first of her professional life, her start at the organization did not give her a distant feeling. The right of expression and freedom of thought and creativity was encouraged in the organization. Employees are supported, in addition to their regular projects, to spend 20% o f their time working in what they think will most benefit the Organization. The organization believes that many of their significant advances have happened in this manner for example, Adsense and Orkut. Additionally, the company falls under the flat organization structure, emphasizing on the importance of nooglers (new employees) taking up team responsibilities and thereby creating a sense of belonging. Furthermore, to remove the distribution of power distance the company believes in transparency of information from the CEO Eric Schmidt sharing information with that of a junior most employee such as that of an Ad Words Representative. Portals are constantly created for employees to voice their opinion and come up with solutions and ideas for existing and futuristic problems. Though, the organization being based nationally in that of India the organizational culture has not been influenced as yet by the national culture. 4.3.2 -Individualism Hofstede.G, (1997) stated that management in an individualist society is management of individuals. Subordinates can usually be moved around individually; if incentives or bonuses are given, these should be linked to an individual’s performance. Understanding that Individualism is appreciated with a stress on collective effort or team work, recruiters are always on the search of such employees who can maintain their individualism as well as perform collectively as a team. The organization encourages and motivates collective and team work, for which the appraisal is given on an Individual performance. Individualism holds that the individual is the primary unit of reality and the ultimate standard of value. This view does not deny that societies exist or that people benefit from living in them, but it sees society as a collection of individuals, not something over and above them. The organization is concerned about its employees well being and gives every opportunity to learn best practices through teams. Team meeting and inter team events are highly supported and are undertaken with a serious candor. In addition it promotes other employee clubs funding Googler network, Google Women Engineers and the Glbt- Gay, Lesbian, bisexual and transgender googler. Google being an American based organization with an Indian investment there is no difference on this dimension. 4.3.3 -Masculinity Defining the value placed on traditionally male or female value systems this dimension evaluates as to whether the organization gives importance to competitiveness, assertiveness, ambition and accumulation of wealth characteristics of the masculine culture or emphasis on relationships, and quality of life which represents that of the feminine culture.   As explained by Hofstede, G. (1997) masculinity and femininity when comparing the culture prevailing in one organization can be analyzed in he view of values in the organization. Morgan (1986:54) talks about modelling the behaviours implied in the values statement ‘The modelling of appropriate behaviour must occur at each level of the organization result in employees being modelled in these same behaviours.’ Looking at the Google culture it can be roughly said that the organization promotes a masculine value system in the organization because of the benefits it provides to its employees. Benefits such as, along with the basic salary a quarterly bonus and a company an annual bonus in the month of December, furthermore, transportation and food requirements which I provided with no charge and in abundance, health facilities as a gym and a spa along with a medical check up and medical coverage of Rs.5, 00,000 Indian currency on the employees and their immediate dependants. Additionally, day care centres for working parents and quarterly outings and entertainment (called movie nights) are held along with a total support to adventure, book and drama clubs, also, employees are given a discount in the most affluent stores and restaurants in the city. However, this may seem as a totally dominating masculine culture the founders of the Organization have not forgotten their corporate social responsibility and also believe in encouraging the feminine culture within the organization. The most significant commandment of the organization ‘Don’t be Evil’ this belief relies on the fact that com pany ought to do good for the world even if it has to forego some short term gains. Moreover, as users believe in their systems it is their duty to provide and unbiased and objective service. In addition to this it promotes the concept of team development and peer feedback to better the level of employee relationship within the organization. From a radical humanist paradigm though this may seem a balanced organizational culture it seems to be a strategy for the company to get hold of the employees from moving to different organization. 4.3.4 -Uncertainty Avoidance Index This dimension reflects the level of anxiety of the organization that is the extent up to which the organization attempts to cope with anxiety by minimizing uncertainty. Cultures that scored high in uncertainty avoidance prefer guidelines and structured circumstances, and the employee’s tenure in the company is longer. As expressed by Hofstede, G. (1997) â€Å"Laws and rules are ways in which a society tries to prevent uncertainties in the behaviour of people.† However, with regards to the organization there is awareness that business environment changes rapidly hence there is no hesitation to take high risk. The organization believes in funding projects that have 10% chance of earning a billion dollars over the long term as in the past pursuit of such projects have resulted in long term success. Although it cannot be quantified the specific level of risk that the organization is willing to undertake, as the ratio of reward to risk increases, the organization is ready t o accept projects further outside the current businesses, if the initial investment is small relative to the level of investment in our current businesses. To evaluate this as a high or low level of uncertainty avoidance is difficult to tell as it seems but natural that most organizations would definitely keep this as an ideal margin. Furthermore, the organization prides itself on doing business with and selling its products on policies and guidelines. With respect to policies and rules outside the business scenario for the employees it can be said that the regulations are minimum that which is in the best interest of the employee example ID badges, and transportation checks for the security of the employees. As clearly seen from the above graph India among all cultural dimension uncertainty avoidance is the lowest where it is always people likes or has a habit of breaking rules with regards to the organization it can be said there are no rules to be broken in the first place. Howev er, if minor offenses are committed employees are aware and are mindful of the fact that time is money and in time serious offenses can cost them their employment. As Brown(1998) states that rules and regulations of an organization bonds to have a good ethics in the work place and not which impose emotional stress on the behaviour of employees in the organization. Nonetheless, the rules and regulations in Google understand the freedom of the employees with knowledge of the importance of the national culture of the location of the organization. 4.3.5 -Long term orientation This dimension describes the time horizon, the long term or short-term vision of the individual. Hofstede.G, (1997) explains this new dimension of long term orientation verses the short term orientation can be analyzed related to the job security and the long term vision of the employee in the organization with respect to growth in an organization. Google determines that employees within the organization are happy with their current job. They have an added advantage of requesting the manager to give a work experience in different projects. Employees are moved to different project where Google aims to use employee rather than firing them, this shows that Google cares about its employees. The organization believes that business decisions will be made with the long-term welfare of the company and with share holders in mind and not based on accounting considerations. Therefore it can be stated that Google has a long-term oriented culture with respect to seeing the future of its employees . 5. Evaluation of Google organizational culture on Edgar Schein’s Three levels of Culture To understand the organization the best way to do it would be understanding the culture. Schein divides organizational culture into three levels: 5.1 Artifacts: This is being the most surface level of the organization example being the dress code in the company. 5.2 Espoused Values: Just below the level of the artifacts this level consists of the conscious strategies, goals and philosophies 5.3 Basic Assumptions and Values: the last lever is the core or essence of culture which is represented by the basic underlying assumptions and values, which are difficult to discern becausethey exist at a largely unconscious level. Figure 3. Schein’s Three levels of Culture Figure 4. Google’s Three levels of Organizational Culture 6. Criticisms Although the above models have been applied to help analyze the organizational culture, like any other theory they have their shortcomings. 6.1 Cultural dimension theory: Schwartz, (1992) argues that Hofstede’s survey based on one organization (IBM) in his view of culture in an organization; one cannot conclude that culture in all organization in that country practice the same. Furthermore, Brown (1998) criticizes Hofstede’s claims that he identified multiple national cultures or differences between such cultures, challenging his research approach. Brown also questions whether national culture dimensions uniform national actions and institutions agree with brown as a challenging environment in the present world organizations are challenging culture of work irrespective of the national culture. Finally, McSweeney, Brendan (January 2002) states Hofstedes work has not just also been criticized because he seems to identify cultures with nations based on the supposition that within each nation there is a uniform national culture. Other types of cultures are acknowledged to exist but allowed little, if any influence. 6.2 Sociological Paradigm: Though the sociological paradigm has been a well-accepted theory in Organizational management its acceptance within the social sciences have done so with little regard to the model’s internal consistency. Pinder and Bourgeoise (1982) state that Burrell and Morgan’s application of ontology has been misplaced. In addition, another fundamental issue is that whether the intra paradigm perspectives adhere to similar images of the subject matter. Hence, like most significant theories every shortcoming gives thought for future theories. Conclusion In conclusion the task has been challenging and educative for the author in comprehending the structure and culture of an organization though in many instances the observations could be in many aspects be influenced as an employee or my inadequacies of being a good observer to have noticed any kind of pro’s within the organization. However, my opinion on Google have changed understanding the difference of culture in an organization challenging the national culture in certain areas and understanding the cultural practice comparing other organization in different parts of the world. The author being in the quadrant of the Interpretivist Paradigm identifies with the organization being a merge of care and value systems. References google.com/ Adam Lashinky(January 29, 2008) ‘Google wins again’. From the link http://money.cnn.com/2008/01/18/news/companies/google.fortune/index.htm. Retrieved on 29th July 2009. Brown, A (1998) Organisational Culture, London, Financial Times. Burrell, G., Morgan, G(1979). Sociological Paradigms and Organizational Analysis:Heinemann, pp. 1-37 Collins, D. (1996) New Paradigms for Change: Theories of Organisation and the Organisation of Theories. Journal of organisational change management, Vol. 9 No. 4 pp9-23 Craig, S., Paul, D. (1991). The Management research handbook. London: Routledge, 318, pp. 24-38.. Elinor Mills (April 17, 2007)’ Meet Googles culture czar’ from the link http://news.cnet.com/Meet-Googles-culture-czar/2008-1023_3-6179897.html Retrieved on 1st August 2009. Hofstede, Geert. (1997) Culture and Organisations: Software of the Mind, Newyork, Mcgraw Hill. Louis, M.R (1997) Organizations as culture. McSweeney, B. (2002). Hofstedes Model Of National Cultural Differences And Their Consequences:A Triumph Of Faith- A Failure Of Analysis. Human Relations , 89-118. Mills, E. (2007, April 27). news.cnet.com. Retrieved 07 21, 2009, from Meet Googles culture czar: http://news.cnet.com/Meet-Googles-culture-czar/2008-1023_3-6179897.html Mintzberg, H(1983). Structure in Fives Designing Effective Organizations:Prentice Hall Inc. Ogbonna, E. Harris, L.C.(2002), Organizational Culture: A ten year, two phase study of change in the UK food retailing sector. Journal of Management studies, 39 (5), Culture pp. 673-706. Penny cook, A. (2001) Critical applied linguistics : a critical introduction. Mahway, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum., 2001. Schein, E. (1997, October). Organizational Culture Leadership . Retrieved 07 21, 2009, from www.tnellen.com: tnellen.com/ted/tc/schein.html Schein’s model 12manage.com/methods_schein_three_levels_culture.htmlWeber, M (1987). Economy and Society. Berkeley: University of California Press.Yu, E. S. K., Mylopoulos, J(1994). From E-R to â€Å"A-R† Modelling strategic actor relationships for business process reengineering. Manchester; 13-th Int. Conf. on the Entity-relationship Approach.

Delia Smith and Jamie Oliver Essays

Delia Smith and Jamie Oliver Essays Delia Smith and Jamie Oliver Essay Delia Smith and Jamie Oliver Essay Delia Smith and Jamie Oliver are both extremely influential television chefs, however their methods and approaches used to convey themselves and their programmes are extremely comparative. Compare and discuss. However, before I begin, I feel it beneficial to look a little into the history previous of their fruitful careers in cookery. This will enable me to retrieve a fuller picture on how their backgrounds influenced whom and what each portray present day. Jamie Oliver was born in South end on 27th May 1975 to Sally and Trevor Oliver. His only sibling is his little sister, Anne Marie. When he was two years old he moved to the small village of Clavering. Here his family bought a pub, which they name The Cricketers. Both his parents and many uncles are cooks. The catering tradition runs in the family. Jamie began helping out in the kitchens of the Cricketer from as young as the age of 7. Here Jamie realised his desire to cater. As Jamie grew older he was keen to learn all elements of the catering trade. Jamie attended Newport Free Grammar Boys School. From Primary school to secondary school, teachers can remember Jamie always mixing himself up with mischief. Due to this, he was incredibly popular. Teachers say, He could never sit still, but he was friendly and very popular. Jamie was more interested in cooking and his rock band Scarlet Division. At 16 years of age he met Jules. Now 27, Jamie is married to Jules and has one child. He has recognisably become one of the most influential television cooks ever. Delia Smith was born in Surrey in 1941 and brought up in Kent. Leaving school without a single qualification, she eventually found herself washing up in a small London restaurant. Harnessed with the desire to learn how to cook and after much persistence, she was allowed to help the chefs. Thus began her love of cooking and traditional British recipes. She then fostered her personal mission to pass on her knowledge and growing skills to others. In 1969 she then became cookery writer for the Daily Mirrors new magazine. From then onwards she continued to excel in her profession and receive many national awards such as an OBE and honorary degree from various universities. Already we can see that Delia and Jamie differ immensely. However, both are extremely successful in their attempt to catch and hold the attention of their viewers. I do not think they each purposely aimed for their present audiences, I believe it was and is out of their control. Delia and Jamie inescapably appeal to contrasting audiences due to their distinctive characteristics and methods. Over the years, Delia Smith has gradually established a consistent audience. By observing the way in which Delia conducts herself (in terms of language, speech, dress code and gesture) I suggest her audience greatly consists of older middle classed women like herself, who do not intend to follow the recipes but aspire to cook. They simply watch the programme as they perceive Delia as a eminent role model and admire both who and what she represents the perfect high status housewife, motherly and caring and the essential English tradition. To a fraction of her audience, Delia solely represents English tradition. This is mainly to the older viewers who appear less likely to accept new ideas and recipes that fashionable TV chefs propose. They dearly appreciate the rarity Delia provides. However, I believe that by far Delias audience mainly consist of dedicated cookers who thoroughly appreciate the job Delia does and have immense love and respect for her and her methods. Jamie on the other hand, in what can be said, a considerably short amount of time in the cooking industry, has bestowed an ever-growing chain of encouragement from his devoted viewers. Jamies mannerisms, use of language, dress code, attitude, personal looks, surroundings and even his opinions compile together what his audiences crave Jamies complete individuality! Jamie youth and possession of his working class roots, enable him to relate to young working class people in urban communities. Jamies use of colloquial language and common phrases such as pukka, makes it even easier for working class people to relate to him, whilst empowering them at the same time. I suggest that perhaps Jamie is indiscreetly a revolutionist to the world of cookery. He being male empowers other males to consider or even take cookery up. Jamie also represents men in modern day society; positions are changing. Men are no longer seen to be tough as boots and unemotional. As little as 20 years ago, a man even setting foot into the kitchen was completely unheard of, it was seen as a womens job. Surprisingly, Jamie appeals to older women, but not due to the same reasons as Delias. Older women may find Jamie sexy. The idea of a man being able to cook may appeal as seductive or romantic. It comes as no surprise, Delia and Jamie appeal to contrasting audiences therefore they are both going to appeal to them in different ways. Both Delia and Jamies love for cookery is presented inconsistently but in skilled ways. I believe their love for cooking is equal. Delia seems to take her job more seriously. She provides us with an extensive instructional yet informative programme, providing us with a step-by-step guide on how to cook her dishes. She consistently reassures the viewer and provides alternatives wherever possible. Due to this method the audience can sense Delias love for cooking, as it seems she knows her stuff and wants to portray this to the audience. Therefore everything in Delias programme must be right and accurate. However, Jamie tends to take his in his stride. He provides us with an inspirational programme, viewers watch him with an open mind, as it seems he gives more opinionated information allowing his viewers to make choices. Delia deals with her programme as what it actually is, a job a task, which has to be completed. Whereas Jamie portrays to the viewer that cooking is like an experimental adventure that you cant go wrong with. Delias characteristics are to an extent completely the opposite of Jamies. Delia promotes seriousness and strictness. Whereas Jamie, is laid back and relaxed. I suggest this is because Delia feels as if she is required to live up to her high reputation of cooking. Jamie has entered the industry genuinely being himself. People respect Jamie for this. Delia only shows her viewers one side the always happy, bliss nothing will go wrong side. It seems as if Delia has little substance, her personality leaks less than Jamies. Of course, it is only natural to have more than one side to a person, as we are only human including Delia herself. Jamie however, kindly lets the viewers into personal life. This is very clever, as it warms the viewers to him, making him even more favourable to a young modern and trendy audience. Delias programme only has one main aspect to it. She speaks to her viewers instructing through the camera, providing them with a simple step-by-step guide. It is just she and the camera. Delia is the only person we see. Jamie has many different aspects to his programme. For one, Jamie has an interviewer who asks him crucial questions that the viewers want to know. So in a sense, the interviewer represents the audience. This means that Jamie doesnt speak directly to the audience as Delia does. Delias programme may seem more personalised to the audience as she speaks directly to them. However, Jamies method seems more rewarding, as the interviewer is able to find out about the dish specifically by asking him desirable questions. Viewers are then able to jot this down. You arent given a chance to ask Delia any questions regarding her dishes. However, Delia is very precise and specific and she usually she covers everything youll need to know about the dish. Another interesting aspect to Jamies programme is when he begins cooking; he has an important task in mind. Delia cooks for the benefit of her viewers, Jamie cooks for an event or specific person. With this in mind, there is always an element of emotion on the part of the viewers. Jamie provides his audience with a story whilst still informing them how to cook. Usually its gripping will he make it in time where will he get the food from everywhere is shut! As Jamie solves these problems, his audiences are able to judge him as a person and observe how he deals with these situations. Viewers are then able to warm to him, as he is seen as a human being who has problems equally as anyone else. Delia is incredibly easy to understand. Her tone of voice adds to the simplicity of her instructions and methods. Her soft, mellow, gentle, slow voice comforts the viewer. She makes her programme easy for older and elderly people to understand due to the slow pace she speaks at. Delia speaks in Standard English, which makes it soothing and plain for all to understand whether middle classed or working class. She constantly reassures the viewer filling in any doubts. She comes across as caring, kind and motherly a warming and trustworthy character. Jamie is more so portrayed as your big brother. He delivers useful cooking advice to his viewers and is funny and friendly. A great attribution to his programme is that is seen Jamie to gel with anyone and everyone. This is why people respect him and his methods. However, people may be held back by Jamie, as he may seem a little too erratic. His show doesnt seem rehearsed. Therefore thought of as not properly done. Nevertheless, this is one of the many reasons why Jamies audience are attracted to his programme. They favour the fact that he is so spontaneous. Delias programme comes across as rehearsed as everything is in its correct place. For instance the utensils she uses are laid out for her. Due to this I suggest that people feel safer following Delias methods. Her methods seem trustworthier as they are traditional, tried and tested and have worked successfully in the past. Jamie speaks in colloquial language and uses modern phrases and slang. He speaks fast and seems somewhat careless. For instance, Jamie may say an offensive joke, however it is inoffensive to him. Compared to Delia, it may be difficult for a non-Londoner to understand some of the words and phrases he uses, as he uses London slang. Theres no doubt that Jamie is confident in his profession, comparatively confident to what Delia portrays. This is most likely due to the fact that he enjoys it so much, and views cooking as fun. Jamie is fearless of cooking blunders, as cooking is about experimenting. Whereas Delia equally enjoys cooking, but as mentioned earlier, views it as a task that has to be successfully fulfilled. People believe that its not acceptable for Delia to go wrong, as she has such a high status, and can always be relied on to get her recipes and methods accurate consistently. Whilst watching both programmes, I have observed while each are in the kitchen, they both have distinctive surroundings. Delias kitchen is very neat and organised. Everything is in its right place, ready to be used. The main colour scheme in her kitchen is white. It is perhaps ironic as I associate white with pure. This coincides perfectly with my idea of which I believe Delia represents the pure essential English woman who everyone respects. I doubt this effect was purposely created. On the other hand, Jamies kitchen is overflowing with cooking utensils. His kitchen is busy and to some extent unorganised. However, it is only unorganised to the viewer, as only he knows where everything is in his kitchen. Jamies kitchen is filled with various colours. Creating a fun happy place to work in. Delia prepares her dishes on a raised table in the middle of her kitchen. This is the focus of scene. She has lots of space on it; all utensils are arranged neatly waiting to be used. Jamie has a table for preparing the food however; it looked as if he had simply creating it by making some space. When Jamie finishes with his bowls, plates and cutlery he simply chucks them in the sink. However, when Delia finishes using her bowls and dishes they are left on the table, and then sorted off camera. When Delia decides to use her hands, for instance when kneading dough, we dont see her washing her hands afterwards. This is done off camera. Whereas Jamie, turns on the tap, quickly dashes his hands under the water, wipes his hands on a tea towel and commences with his dish. I think that Delia may believe that these conventions neednt be shown on TV, as they take the focus off the aim of the programme and waste time. I feel that viewers dont need to see Delia washing her hands as they assume that she is clean and hygienic anyway. Delia is seen as the perfect housewife, which leads the viewer to believe that the washing up will be seen to once she has finished cooking. Jamie however, shows that leaving the dishes and washing his hands is a normal part of the cooking process. Perhaps because we dont have the same ultra clean and hygienic view on Jamie as we have on Delia, it is a good thing that we see Jamie washing his hands.

A patient requiring mechanical ventilation Essay

A patient requiring mechanical ventilation - Essay Example She was hospitalised for 4 weeks and needed the tracheostomy tube to be in place for 9-weeks following discharge. In general it is found that collaborations between the intensive care nurse and the intensive care specialist is vital for evaluating and managing the patient and to ensure that the outcomes are fruitful. In general, the mortalities for ARDS are high (40 to 50%), mainly due to the ineffective traditional methods of managing such patients that have been utilised in the past. However, with use of several evidence-based protocols, the outcomes can be improved. Some of the measures that were provided to Rita included include mechanical ventilation, tracheostomy, prone positioning (HOB elevation), antibiotic administration (as she had sepsis), ECMO (due to sudden drop in the partial pressure of oxygen), sedation protocols, supportive therapy, RBC packed cell and platelet transfusion and a conservative fluid strategy. Rita developed renal complications and aspiration pneumonia, which were effectively managed. A careful nursing plan requires to be chalked out to cater to the individual needs of the patient. Ideal treatment would ensure speedy recovery and early resumption of normal activities by the patient. Case Study of a Patient Suffering from ARDS and requiring Mechanical Ventilation and Nursing Care Introduction This case study is of a 38-year old female, by name Rita, who was suffering from acute distress respiratory syndrome (ARDS), due to sepsis and requiring mechanical ventilation and a nursing care plan. ARDS is a condition in which the lungs are unable to perform their usual function of absorbing oxygen (Ensure Care Plan 2011). ARDS usually may follow critical illnesses, serious injuries or developed after major surgeries. The condition is a form of pulmonary oedema not from a proper cardiac cause, which occurs due to a drop in pressure in the pulmonary arteries (ARDS Training 2010). In ARDS, there is leakage of fluids and proteins into the air sacs and the interstitial lung tissues leading to pulmonary oedema (caused from damage to the alveoli-capillary mechanism) (Austin CC 2012). There may be several mediators involved in the damage of the alveoli-capillary mechanism including microorganisms, toxins, allergens, neutrophils, TNF, etc. After injury, the symptoms can develop within en 24 to 72 hours, and the respiratory functions tend to deteriorate leading to decreased lung volumes and compliance (Ensure Nursing Plan 2011). Due to the damage to the pneumocytes type 2, the lungs collapse and there is a decrease in the volume of the lungs. Fibrocytes convert the intra-alveolar fluid to a fibrous tissue and leads to poor ventilation (causing hypoxemia). When ARDS progresses, the patient can develop respiratory failure and can lead to arrest of the cardiopulmonary functions (Ensure Nursing Plan 2011). Usually ARDS develops from an underlying cause or a lung disorder and may vary depending upon the geographical location, age g roup, etc. Some of the causes of ARDS include direct injuries (may be trauma, chemical, oxygen toxicity, damage from free radicals, thermal or burns, drug overdose, or sepsis), drowning (or near drowning) or hemorrhagic shock (ARDS Training 2010). The incidence of ARDS is about 140,000 to 150,000 cases each year, and about 40 to 50% of the affected cases develop mortalities (Ensure Care Plans 2011). This is a case

The importance of history Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The importance of history - Essay Example Sports teams often analyze the previous performance history of the opponents before preparing themselves for the coming matches. History can also help politicians in deciding about the relationship of a country with other countries. â€Å"When you understand history, you understand basic concepts and ideas. You will learn about cause and effect, relationships and human nature† (Chin, n. d). At present we have enough knowledge about what is electricity or what is energy. We are indebted to the efforts of ancient scientists for our current knowledge about these things. Same way histories give us important lessons about the past which will help us to make conclusions while facing similar situations at present. History gives us the idea about the hierarchy of all the natural events happening in this world. For example, history helps us to understand at what time the monsoon comes or at what times the weather or season changes. In short, history plays an important role in shaping e very aspect of present and future human life on earth. During the initial half of twentieth century, Mahatma Gandhi succeeded in getting freedom to his country India from the colonial rules of Britain through peaceful means. The core philosophy of his freedom struggles was the theory of non violence which motivated other leaders like Nelson Mandela later in the history.

What Is Federalism Federal Evolution in United States Essay

What Is Federalism Federal Evolution in United States - Essay Example It is this type of federalism that the founders envisioned, and its main purposes were to provide for an equitable sharing of resources, and also avoid tyranny. Under dual federalism, the federal government was limited to its enumerated functions, which includes defense, and all manner of foreign policies. The occurrence of the great depression in America signified an end to the concept of dual federalism; instead there emerged the concepts of cooperative federalism. This is an aspect where by the national government is a strong institution as compared to the state governments. This form of federalism began with Frankline Roosevelt, and a case that helped to validate the emergence of a strong national government is the Helvering vs. David. In this case, the court gave a ruling that the functions of social security provision were a responsibility of a national government (Seddon, 2013). This gave the national government legitimacy to carry out powers which were not enumerated to it. Finally, the concept of new federalism evolved in the 20th century with the coming in of president Ronald Reagan. This is because he initiated the concepts of devolution by giving out grants to state governments and allowing them to use this money as they pleased (Seddon, 2013). Previously, any money advanced to the state governments was closely monitored and regulated. This changed with Ronald Reagan. Q. 2: One factor that allowed the concept of federalism to gain root in America is the need to distribute power amongst the various states that formed America. Federalism describes the basic structure of the government of America, and there arose disagreements by the founding fathers on the best method of distributing power and sharing resources. This was during the constitutional convention. Delegates at this constitutional convention feared creating a strong national government, as well as a strong state government (Seddon, 2013). Creating these strong institutions could lead to tyra nny. To prevent it therefore, there was a need to create a federal state. The need for allowing people to engage in American politics also allows the concept of federalism to shape the American politics. Americans can participate in politics in a number of ways. They can write to their senators urging them to support a particular issue, or they can even make presentations to their city councils, or local school boards. Due to Federalism, Americans are able to elect their president, members of congress, governors, and senators. On this basis, federalism allows political participation (Gallagher, 2012). The need for equitable sharing of resources makes it possible for Americans to allow the concept of federalism. The states and the federal government are able to share and distribute resources in an equitable manner. In fact, states and the federal government have their agencies all over the nation, just for the provision of services (Seddon, 2013). For example, the constitution allows states to form their own policies and implement them. This is if the policies do not breach the constitution. This is because the constitution provides a guideline on how the federal and the state government ought to relate with one another. Q.3: One factor that determines how states influence the policies of the Federal government is on the successes and failures of a given policy by the states. On this basis, states usually act as role models for the federal government, and this is because the federal government will implement policies that these states are successful in

Babel Movie Analysis Essay

Babel Movie Analysis Essay The Book of Genesis tells the story of the Tower of Babel. After the Great Flood all of the humankind spoke the same language. People decided to build a city with the tower that can reach heaven. The Tower was built not to worship God, but to make a name for the builders: Then they said, Come, let us build ourselves a city, and a tower with its top in the heavens, and let us make a name for ourselves; otherwise we shall be scattered abroad upon the face of the whole earth. Afterwards, God came down to Earth, and was displeased with the intentions of the builders and the purpose of the Tower of Babel, and he confused their language to break the main principle of their power unity. God also scattered the citizens of Babylon all around the globe. Before going into the analysis of the movie, I would like to make use of the Clifford Geertz argument of cultural interpretations. Social facts and culture are different things, but they are interconnected. If to apply Geertzs terminology we can call a movie director an ethnographer. And whatever the ethnographer researches or studies is highly interpretive to him, to his social facts, culture, norms and values. Culture tends to resist, or is permitted to resist and thus can escape systematic modes of assessment. You either grasp interpretation or you do not, see the point of it or not, accept it or not  [3]  . Therefore, this film in interpreted through the lens of directors perception, so I as a viewer interpret it further through my perception of culture and social facts. The movie Babel was directed by a Mexican director Alejandro Gonzalez. The plot of the movie tells the story of 4 different families American, Moroccan, Mexican and Japanese; and all of these families are interconnected by a series of events and face different social facts imposed by diverse societies with various values and cultural norms. Emile Durkheim defined social fact in two ways. First goes as following A social fact is any way of acting, whether fixed or not, capable of exerting over the individual an external constraint  [4]  . In this definition, Durkheim introduces the idea of social constraint which identifies reasoning behind actions as social facts. Meaning that there are various pressures on an individual on how to act, or of to act in the first place. If he/she violates and breaks this constraint, the consequence of this might be moral (sense of wrongdoing; being judged by people around you) or on the greater scale legal  [5]  . In the movie we can see examples of social constraints to a different extent in all of the 3 story lines. For example, in the beginning of the film the father of the Moroccan family purchases a rifle for his young sons so that they can defend the sheep from jackals. When both of the sons test the rifle, it appeared that younger brother (Yussef) shoots better that the ol der one (Ahmed). This can be interpreted as a social constraint for Ahmed, who felt being judged by the others, even if he was not. What might have given boost to this feeling of judgement is the case of a strong patriarchal rule in Morocco, where more pressure, to some extent, is put on a man. To some level this led to the incident of the bus shooting, where Ahmed was trying to prove that he can shoot better than his younger brother. Another example can be given from this storyline. Yussef was spying on his sister while she was bathing. She knew that her brother was spying, but did nothing to stop it, which on the contrary meant encouragement on some level. This brings the topic of incest taboo to the table. This is constraint which will be not just judged upon, but the legal action can be taken as well. The topic if incest is extremely sensitive and is not tolerated in modern days, although it was acceptable from ancient times in various royal families (e.g. Cleopatras first husband was her brother). Later on, when father found out about what was going on, he physically and verbally punishes children. One of the Durkheim arguments included the way that the children are brought up: Parents impose upon the child ways of seeing, thinking and acting which he himself would not have arrived at spontaneously  [6]  . Further more, Spencer argues that rational education should be reject in favour of giving the child complete freedom. I personally disagree with this view. I do realize that not all of the people are parent material, but this sort view is extreme. Children should be taught certain limitations, rules and values; but the correct balance should be found. As the saying goes Children are their parents reflection. Durkheims second definition was that social fact is general over the whole of a given society whilst having an existence of its own, independent of its individual manifestations. This definition takes more general approach to social facts. In order to better understand this concept Durkheim introduced the term social currents  [7]  which are collective emotions, feelings and thoughts in a group, which have stronger impact than any individuals own emotions. The groups experience originates outside of the individual and moves on to all of the members of the group. Durkheim argues that this has certain coercive effect, meaning that while individuals in the group allow shared experience to strengthen, they also keep an illusion of having created, that which actually forced itself from without  [8]  . Moreover, if an individual separates himself from the group emotion, he will find out that the emotion was not his own and will be met by resistance from the rest of the group, if to attempt to show another felling or emotion. This is exactly what happened to American family in Morocco. American woman got accidentally shot while on the bus tour. Bus driver goes to a nearest village, which only had a veterinarian who sewed the wounds. But the wounded woman still needed full medical care because of severe blood loss, so they were waiting for the ambulance which was driving from the nearest hospital (3 hours away). At the same time other tourists on the bus wanted to leave the woman and her husband (Richard) in the fear of another attack (the first attack was quickly labelled terrorist) and concerns over heat. The tour group and Richard engage in several arguments, eventually resulting in tour group leaving while Richard was on the phone. So if we put this example in previously mentioned Durkheims arguments we can see that after the accident the bus group was divided. The groups experience originated from outside, which in this case was the shooting. But Richard and his wife were quickly separated from the group; because now the group did not share same emotion and the same goals. Consequently, the tour group resisted Richards arguments and left. It is not certain what would have been the outcome of this situation if someone else would have shoot. Every group has a leader, which in the movie was played by a British tourist. What if he got shot? Would have this made a different outcome? Or just actors change and the end result remains the same? I guess the outcome will vary significantly depending on parameters of the situation. The next issue of the movie I would like to address is suicide. We observe the story of a Japanese family Yasujiro and Chieko Wataya. Yasujiro is a widower, whose wife committed suicide and is confronted with communication difficulties with his daughter Chieko, who is deaf mute. Because of Chiekos disability, she is seen as an outcast in the society, with people constantly shutting her down while she is in need of a simple human contact. Later in the movie, she told a police officer that her mother committed suicide by jumping off the balcony, while the truth was that she shot herself. And in the end of the movie we find Chieko standing on the edge as the balcony, which I interpreted as suicide intent. Durkheim wrote extensively on topic of suicide, implementing social current into the issue. He took various approaches such as quantitative and statistical, analysis of weather and season, etc  [9]  . But this data just showed statistics and patters, but not the cause, which in Du rkheims view was social. Durkheim argues that one of the most important aspects for explanation of suicide rates are the degree of integration into and regulation by society. Also depending on the size of the family the larger the family, the lesser the chance of suicide within it. Thus, Japanese families in general (inc. the Watayas) tend to be small in size, which according to Durkheim makes members within them more prone to suicide. Coming back to the role of the society, Durkheim gave a sociological explanation: Each social group really has a collective inclination for the act, quite its own, and the source of all individual inclination, rather than the result. It is made up of the currents of egoism, altruism or anomy running through the society. These tendencies of the whole social body, by affecting individuals, cause them to commit suicide.  [10]  We can see an example of this in the movie, when Chieko and her friend are approached by the boy who invites them for a drink with his friends, but as soon as he realises that both girls are deaf mute, he leaves and laughs with his friends. Such tendencies can cause intent to commit suicide. But what Durkheim does not mention, is how and what people attribute to the actions and behaviour of others, which undermines his theory significantly. Overall, Babel brings out various interesting issues in sociological terms. The movie after all is fictional, and so are the characters; but the social facts and culture are real. Durkheims theories are sound, clear, and are easy to put into real-life situations. But on the other hand, if to completely follow his idea of social facts, our behaviour is more or less predicted by them, and we almost have no option but to accept them. People can do anything they like as long as it does not harm others J.S. Mill On Liberty

Graduation Speech -- Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

I rediscovered something while trying to think of my speech for tonight. History repeats itself. Everything I felt compelled to say I knew has been said before and will be said in times to come. I grew dismayed at the thought that the human race has progressed so little that the same advice has as much merit now as it did when it was first given, millenniums ago. Yet there is a simple beauty in this. It reassures us that humans will always be human; that everyone is experiencing life for the first time, no matter how many ancestors lie before them. Since we are each seeing life anew, the same truths will occur again and again. These truths have brought us to this point in history; they will carry us for the rest of our lives. Inner motivation is the force that drives us upward and onward. We all know how to rely on that force. It does not matter what degree of "success" or "achievement" we reach, so long as what we do reach is comfortable for us. Whether our motivation compels us simply to make it to school each day, or to juggle multiple outside interests with difficult class loa...

Racism

Maybe it Is not painted In such vivid and bright colors, but It Is still here. There are many Instances that have occurred throughout history that we can pick and choose from to show how prejudiced we really are. Novels have also been written discussing the Issue of racial discrimination one In particular highlighting how appalling and immoral It really Is, â€Å"To Kill a Mockingbird† by Harper Lee.Our Australian history is not one to be proud of but one of the things that it does well is display to us how deeply ingrained racism s in our beloved country. The indigenous people who formerly had this land to themselves were classified as fauna. This law was only overturned as late as 1967. In the article ‘Lifting the Veil on Our Ingrained Racism' by Sandy Gifford we are provided with multiple examples proving that racism is a part of our national character.As a child she was told that â€Å"Only colored children wear white shoes†, still to this day she has never ow ned a pair of white shoes. This clearly illustrates to us that even though racism may not be something always so evident, It Is something we take In as hillier and never forget, making It a fundamental part of our society. Social cohesion Is something that will help the multi-cultural population of Australia achieve a community that works together and Is accepting of all people.The endeavourer towards social cohesion in Australia will not be smooth or simple. There will be many steps that have to be taken and bridges crossed. Simon Overland in his article†luminous Is the Key to Harmony† presents us with a viewpoint distinctly in favor of social cohesion. He says that â€Å"Social Isolationism and disengagement teeming, from among other things, racism and negative stereotyping, is the real problem†, referring to our incapability to exercise restraint in our assumptions, â€Å"that all Somalis and Muslims have strong links with terrorism†.Embracing the multic ulturalism that we have been provided with In this country is something that will only lead to a more desirable and valuable way of living. In Harper Lee's novel â€Å"To Kill a Mockingbird† one of the main themes explored throughout the story Is racism. In the town of Macomb where this novel Is set, racism appears to be as natural as reheating to the people who live there. Harper Lee brings light to the inherent evils of racism basing the novel around an African-American's conviction.Tom Robinson is convicted purely because he is a black man and his accuser is white. The evidence is so powerfully in his favor, that race is clearly the single defining factor in the Jury's decision. â€Å"Tom's death was typical. Typical of a Niger to cut and run. Typical of a insigne's mentality to have no plan, no thought for the future, just run blind first chance he saw', even after the harsh death of Tom Robinson no sympathy is shown awards him and we really see how deeply rooted racism Is in the culture that Harper Lee describes. To Kill a Mockingbird† Is set In the segregated South during the asses. Black people were highly subjugated members of society and continually classed as ‘lesser'. There Is quite a social hierarchy displayed to the reader In this novel with some of the families who have no money or almost anything else, at the very bottom. But even below these families was all of the black community. All blacks were treated poorly. The level of racism demonstrated in the scenes of this novel is sustained simply by the close-mindedness of the people in the town of Macomb.When writing the novel Harper Lee didn't only include characters who were prejudiced and racist. She also included characters such as Attic's who believed that all humans are equal and he passed on this philosophy to his children, Gem and Scout. This in itself is a way to amend the issue of racial discrimination, offering hope for a better world. Parents teaching their children a way of living which includes considering things from other people's perspectives. Oh never really know a man until you stand in his shoes and walk around in them†, some of the characters in Lee's novel really did have inner strength and moral courage. For humans to live in peace and finally achieve that level respect and understanding we all want so dearly all we need to do is accept everyone including ourselves for who we are. See each and every human being as equal disregarding any other factors and giving them the level of appreciation you yourself would want. Only then will we all be able to live in harmony. Racism Racism has predominately focused itself around the African American population, however, has not been associated with â€Å"white† individuals. There has always been a racial divide between the two groups and this Is evident In bell hooks' article, which illustrates how â€Å"whites† have made their Identity as fear, power and terrorism. This chapter also goes on to discuss how the â€Å"blacks† have experienced different aspects of terrorism by the dominant white society. Due to both white supremacy and white privilege, African Americans were treated extremely poorly as slaves instead of unmans.There was the belief that â€Å"whites† were misusing the power they had, and the misuse of power would lead to negative impacts on the black community. Although the black community adapted to the values and the habits of the â€Å"whites,† they were hoping for the â€Å"whites† to finally get over the need to terrorize their people. In the article, H ooks discusses that even though times have changed, the black population still feels as if they are being terrorized and are rarely close to the â€Å"whites. Through the misuse of power due to the â€Å"whites,† which led to the rejection f the black community by society, it has made the â€Å"blacks† feel the need to give up their Identity and try to fit In with the white society. Hooks goes on to describe a situation that she had encountered when she went to a cultural studies conference. She felt that there was white dominance In the way everything was organized. Wealth her article, Hooks tries to educate people more about the whiteness, so that individuals can move away from the typical race that exists and recognize the confrontation that still exists in order to identify the other skin color.The way whiteness is designed; it brings up different types of stereotypes in the mind of other people in society and gives it a lot of different meanings. She argues that stereotyping is a way of talking negatively about other races and not being racist at the same time. The differences between the â€Å"whites† and â€Å"blacks† is not something that black Individuals have always created but things such as domination, imperialism, colonialism and racist are the many reasons why black Individuals have felt contrary about their own race. Whiteness† to the black community appears to be better than their own color and race.At the beginning of the article, hooks talks about some of the discussions that students were having in the classroom. When these discussions took place, it amazed the â€Å"whites† as they were listening to how the â€Å"blacks† noticed whiteness. The shock after listening to these comments that black individuals were saying goes to show that white students at the time were uneducated about the other races that existed around them. There was also the mint that hooks made stating that whiteness is pre sent without the awareness of blackness.She uses Baldwin notion to support this argument in which he stated that wherever white men go, they take control. The experiences that Hooks encountered herself are outlined within her article The article, Representing Whiteness In the Black Imagination, gives a better understanding of what people thought about the whiteness issue that â€Å"blacks† were facing during the 19th century. Bell hooks has also demonstrated that an Image of white people has been created In he black community because of the things that have happened in the past.This domestic servants, working in white homes, acting as informants, brought knowledge back to segregated communities – details, facts, observations, and psychoanalytic readings of the white other. † The imagination of â€Å"whiteness† has also affected Hooks as an African American. This article targets many of the arguments that have been discussed within the course. Hooks describ es how black females had been differentiated in comparison to white females, from the point of view of a young black male who grew up in a community where black people had been the victim of racism.Even though this article was predominantly about the black community, it also narrows the focus on how females are viewed and essentially victimized. As presented in Frankness's article, there is the understanding that while females had also been victimized due to white racism. Her article mainly focuses on how black and white females are observed in society and how racism shapes white females. Both of the articles have given a distinct and clear understanding of what occurred in the 19th century. Kooks portrays how white people dominated the black community in America. The stereotypes against the â€Å"blacks† can still be seen in our society and Hooks use of personal experiences gives the reader enhanced knowledge about the prejudice they had to go through. Brandenburg being a wh ite feminist also shares her experiences of racism that has helped shape the life of a white woman. Therefore, the power that the white society had certainly made a negative impact on the lives of several â€Å"blacks† and has made it harder for them to accept themselves for whom they are.

gender and media essays

gender and media essays Nowadays, advertisements cannot be separated from our daily live. Our consuming behaviour is closely affected by these advertisements. From the process of consumption, we can fulfil our desires and the pleasure of consumption as well. To increase the sales of the products, a successful advertising strategy is very important. Due to commercialism, advertisers differentiate their products with different advertising approaches, in different target audience. In this paper, I will focus on advertising approaches commonly appeared in Hong Kong womans magazine (Cosmopolitan). Through the analysis of them, I try to find out the binary division of gender roles in the specific approach. Stereotype of gender, here is defined as a set of inaccurate, simplistic generalizations about groups of individuals. Also, the binary division of gender induces different approaches of advertising, such as romance, autonomy and sexual approaches. In this paper, I would focus on the category of advertisemen t target on Female consumers in womans magazine. The advertisement (refer to Green post-it 1) is also an advertisement of a jewellery chain store that is called Chow Tai Fok. There is one lady and three men in this advertisement, the lady with larger size displays on the left hand side whereas the man with smaller size displays on the right hand side. Those men hold a bunch of flowers and want to touch the woman whereas she points out her body figure without any facial expression at a diamond ring on her finger. Those men look at the woman with an admire scene. Meanwhile, the advertising background focuses on a lady in the middle class. Using the concept of courtship can address their group. The advertisement is vague setting with dark environment. The woman, who has stood in the middle of the men, by showing her powerful. In addition, female is meddlesome, for instance, the woman like to put her finger on her body while other people around ...

Downloading Music essays

Downloading Music essays Downloading Music: Useful or Harmful? Napster, the original creator of free music shareware over the internet, developed a concept that changed the music industry and the consumption of music forever. Napster enabled users to download music from a certain artist in order for them to hear what the artist sounded like before purchasing the entire compact disc. However, people who downloaded a particular artists entire CD so they would not have to buy it abused this revolutionary concept. While this was not Napster's wish, there was very little they could do to monitor it. The music industry quickly discovered Napster's free distribution of copyrighted material and took them to court. While Napster fought for the relatively new way to obtain music over the internet, the music industry countered them claiming it was wrong to give away music for free and would inevitably cut into the entire music industries profits. How often does a person buy an entire CD just for one song? What is the harm of downloading just one song? Does downloading only one song from a CD even hurt the music industrys profits? These are the types of questions answered in Downloading Music: Who Gets Hurt? by Carlton Vogt, a columnist for the InfoWorld website, written on May 4, 2001. Vogt believes he holds a neutral position in the Napster debate due to "never purchasing music or downloading it off the internet." However, his article seems to support the Napster concept. Vogt states that Napster can actually benefit artists. Due to the fact that users can hear the song, decide if they like it, and then recommend it to friends or buy the artist's next CD themselves. Therefore, furthering album sales. This would not be possible without somehow first being introduced to an artist. Vogt deems that not purchasing a CD in a store because you are unfamiliar with the artist actually ...

Critical Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Critical Analysis - Essay Example We can draw such a conclusion because he is asking his wife if she is reading the letter while in his mom’s presence. This can be found in the beginning of the song, when he sings â€Å""If youre reading this and my mamas sitting there†¦" The soldier hopes that his family will read his letter, so they can know about what has happened to him, as well as receive reassurance and encouragement to go on. The diction that Tim McGraw uses in his song portrays two different tones. The tones are of sadness, as well as encouragement. The words that he uses to portray sadness is when he is talking about how he will not be able to give his wife another kiss and how he cannot be there to witness the birth of his little girl. He also talks about how he will no longer be there to spend the rest of his life with her. Though he has told her this, she gives his wife encouragement. He tells her that it is okay to move on and be with someone else. He offers reassurance to his wife and his family that he is okay up in heaven and is at peace. NO longer is he being tormented by war. NO longer is he hurting. In addition to the point of view diction that Tim McGraw uses to get his strong and powerful message across to his listeners, he also uses allusions to speak of the dead soldier’s spiritual state. For instance, Tim McGraw makes a reference to the child’s prayer by singing â€Å"Now I lay me down† meaning that he is talking to God, and his family should also do the same. The reference to this prayer can also mean that he is resting in peace, no longer suffering from the ravages of war. Tim McGraw also makes references to heaven, as his song contains a line that states that he is with God watching down on his wife, his family, and his unborn baby girl. Finally, Tim McGraw references the Christian hymn, Amazing Grace. This reference is to pain the picture how powerful the Christian hope is and how it can get one through the trials of losing someone. Furthermore, it provides

Yahoos industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Yahoos industry - Essay Example With time and advent of another search engine Google, Yahoos popularity is now confined to Yahoo News, Sports and Finance while Yahoo is now-a-days is not a preferred choice as a search engine and Google has emerged as the most preferred search engine for web searching, electronic messages (e-mails), chats, blogs etc because of its user friendly approach and fast results. Visitors do visit Yahoo especially for those attributes which are not offered by Google else if Google offers them they have a preference for Google over Yahoo. The underlying concept is Google appears to be the chief set of connections for maintaining follow-up of diverse social associations, acquaintances and interfaces. The chief reason that could be assessed- most of the individuals have MyBlogLog, MySpace, Facebook and other social accounts which aid in staying in contact with friends and acquaintances. Yahoo offers sites for commercial purposes such as Finance, Yahoo Answers : Q&A, Backlink Reporting, Flickr for photo uploading as well as sharing, for entertainment, privacy and local search. Yahoo is therefore preferred for its wider domain and for the features which are lacking in Google and least preferred for the features that are present with